戏剧主义修辞批评视角下经济语篇中的论辩
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ii
ABSTRACT
Subprime lending crisis of 2007 sprang from the United States caused world
economic recession which is the most grievous global economic crisis since 1930s.
Under this situation, Chinese output gallops ahead at an 8% annual rate. All circles and
economists at home and abroad have voiced different opinions about this “Chinese
Myth”. Some tend to be optimistic and think Chinese economy will maintain high
growth and pull along the world economy, while others seem to be pessimistic. They
regard the rapid growth of China as a bubble economy analogous to Japanese economy
before the breakdown of 1980s. Of traditional view, economic discourse is a vehicle of
spreading knowledge more than a subjective thought requiring authentication. Critics
pay more attention on how to illustrate the facts and theories clearly in the economic
discourse, so they mostly analyzed these discourses from the aspects of stylistics and
metaphor instead of argumentation. The above-mentioned contradictory opinions on
Chinese economy oppugn the traditional view of economic discourse. Actually,
economic discourse is a reflection of subjective motivation or opinion which requires
some rhetorical skills to persuade readers. That is right the weak point of traditional
analytic procedure on economic discourse. Thus this thesis takes a most popular
dramatistic perspective to analyze the argumentation in economic discourse.
Dramatistic criticism is the great contribution to the field of rhetorical criticism by
Kenneth Burke. He regards language as symbolic action as well as drama, via dramatic
analysis of language to find out the rhetoric motivation behind each discourse. Pentadic
analysis, the most widely used and most influential method of dramatistic criticism, is a
complete embodiment of Kenneth Burke’s rhetorical theories. In the theoretical part of
this thesis, the author traces the theoretical base from two aspects — humanistic view
and linguistic one. The operation procedure can be illustrated from three steps, firstly
identifying the five pentadic elements of a rhetorical act, then finding the leading
element through the analysis on these pentadic ratios and finally discovering the hidden
rhetorical motive in the discourse during the process of analysis on the deconstruction
of the facts in the discourse.
These two economic discourses quoted in this thesis are selected respectively from
the famous American financial magazine — The Forbes and authoritative British
periodical — The Economist. They hold completely different views on the current
iii
situation and development trend of Chinese economy. According to the pentadic
criticism, vary discourses even on the same event might select different leading pentadic
ratios to form the various opinions. Simultaneously during the procedure of analysis on
the two samples, this thesis introduces three important rhetorical concepts of Burke —
identification, terministic screen and logology. Via the contrastive analysis on these two
samples, this thesis presents how the economic discourse creates different realities to
readers and reaches a consensus with them by way of distinctive terministic screen and
other rhetorical strategies. Finally, with the theory of Ronald and Walter, this thesis
analyzes the degree of literariness in economic discourse and point out that economic
discourse is a category of writing with high degree of literariness. The argument and
application of rhetoric concept such as terministic screen etc. conceal its literariness and
succeed in achieving the rhetor’s motive and its pragmatic meaning. To sum up, in the
theoretical frame of pentadic criticism this thesis proceeds its analysis based on these
three concepts — terministic screen, identification and degree of literariness.
Through a dramatistic analysis on the two samples of Chinese economy, this thesis
discovers that economic discourse is actually a writing of high degree of literariness. In
order to achieve the motive and pragmatic value in economic discourse, the
argumentation and these rhetoric methods conceal its subjectivity. Setting the purpose
that conceived by the rhetor subjectively as dominant, sample one selects some data and
examples prejudicedly and gives a conclusion of “irresponsible Chinese government
makes up China bubble ”, while combining with the current situation sample two
operates an objectively and completely analysis on the data and cases leading by act.
Impelled by vary motivations, different authors will arrange the argumentation by
selecting beneficial data and highlighting the diversified elements in the same event,
which help them to persuade readers. Started with the analysis of economic discourse
on the trend of Chinese economy, this thesis focuses on the argumentation in economic
discourse and its social influence. That could promote the development of economic
rhetoric as well as putting forward a hint to the issue of defending the national interest
under this new situation with economic discourse.
Key Words: dramatistic criticism,argumentation, economic discourse
iv
摘 要
2007 年发源于美国的次贷危机引发了世界性经济衰退,这次经济危机是上世
纪 30 年代世界经济危机以来最严重的全球性经济危机。然而在这种形势下中国经
济却一枝独秀，连续保持高增长。针对这个“中国神话”,经济学家及各界人士争
相发表不同的看法。有的比较乐观，认为中国经济将持续快速发展并拉动世界经
济；有的则比较悲观，认为中国的高增长只不过是泡沫，同上个世纪八十年代经
济崩溃前的日本相差无几。在传统观念中,经济语篇是一种传播知识的载体而非需
要验证的主观看法。批评家们对经济语篇的关注也聚焦在如何更清楚地阐述理论
和事实，因此多从文体和隐喻方面分析经济语篇，却忽略了经济语篇是如何进行
论辩的。上述两种对中国经济前景相左的观点更质疑了对经济语篇的传统看法。
实际上经济语篇也是主观动机和观点的体现，需要运用修辞技巧去劝服别人，这
正是传统经济语篇分析方法的弱项。因此本文采用了修辞批评中应用范围最广的
戏剧主义修辞批评范式来分析经济语篇的论辩。
戏剧主义修辞批评范式是美国著名修辞学家 Kenneth Burke 对修辞学的一项伟
大贡献。他将语言视为戏剧，一种语言行为，并通过对语言的戏剧性分析来找出
文本背后的修辞动机。而戏剧五因素分析法是戏剧主义修辞批评范式中最重要也
是应用最广的一种，是伯克修辞思想的完全体现。本文分别从人性论和语言论两
个角度来论述了该分析法的理论基础。其操作过程包涵三个步骤，首先研究并确
认文本中修辞行为的五个戏剧性要素，然后通过分析由五因素构成的关系对子找
出主导的因素，最后通过对文本事实的构建过程的解析来发掘文本背后隐藏的修
辞动机。
文中分析的两个经济语篇分别摘自美国著名的财经期刊《福布斯》和英国权
威杂志《经济学家》，两个文本对中国经济的现况和发展趋势有着截然不同的观
点。根据戏剧五因素分析法，针对同一事件不同的语篇安排的关系对子主次地位
各异，主导因素的选择便形成了不同的观点。同时在分析经济语篇的过程中，本
文引入了伯克的重要修辞概念——同一，术语屏和符号体系理论。通过对两篇经
济文本的对比分析,本文阐述了经济语篇是如何运用独具特色的术语屏及其他修
辞策略来构建语篇，从而呈献给读者不同的事实，与读者达成同一。最后，结合
Ronald 和Walter 的理论本文分析了经济语篇的文学梯度，指出经济语篇是一个文
学性较高的范畴。但经济语篇的论证过程及术语屏等修辞方法的运用则掩盖了其
文学性，从而使经济语篇能顺利的实现作者的动机及经济语篇的实用意义。总的
v
来说，本文在戏剧五因素的理论框架下，结合术语屏，同一和文学梯度这三个概
念展开。
通过对经济危机下中国经济前景语篇的戏剧主义修辞分析，本文发现经济语
篇实际上是一种文学度较高的作品。作者借助经济语篇的论辩及术语屏，同一等
修辞手段的应用掩盖其主观性，从而顺利实现经济语篇的实用价值。实例一以作
者主观臆想的目的为主导，片面的选取了一些数据和例子得出“不负责任的中国
政府编造泡沫经济”的结论；实例二则以行为为主导结合现状，对这些数据和例
子进行客观的，全面的分析。不同的动机驱使作者选择对自己有利的数据，凸显
同一事件中的不同因素来构建语篇，从而使读者接受自己的观点。本文从涉及中
国发展趋势的经济语篇入手，关注经济语篇的论辩及其对社会的影响，不仅对经
济修辞学起到一定的推动作用，也为如何在新形势下利用经济语篇维护国家利益
等问题提出一些思考。
关键词: 戏剧主义修辞批评 论辩 经济语篇
List of Tables
Table 4.1 ......................................................................................................................... 35
Table 4.2 ......................................................................................................................... 46
Table 4.3 ......................................................................................................................... 49
Contents
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................ii
摘 要 ............................................................................................................................. iv
Chapter One Introduction ..............................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the Research ............................................................................... 1
1.2 Significance of the Research ...............................................................................3
1.3 Organization of the Thesis .................................................................................. 5
Chapter Two Literature Review .................................................................................... 7
2.1 Previous Research on Methodology of Economic Discourse .............................7
2.2 Previous Research on Modern Economic Discourse .......................................... 8
2.2.1 Henderson’s View ........................................................................................ 9
2.2.2 McCloskey’s View ..................................................................................... 10
2.3 Domestic Reasearch on Economic Discourse ...................................................12
2.4 Summary ........................................................................................................... 12
Chapter Three The Model of Dramatistic Criticism ................................................. 14
3.1 Definition of Dramatistic Criticism .................................................................. 14
3.2 Theoretical Bases of Dramatistic Criticism ...................................................... 15
3.2.1 A Humanistic View .................................................................................... 15
3.2.2 A Linguistic View ...................................................................................... 17
3.2.3 Summary .................................................................................................... 20
3.3 Operation of Dramatistic Criticism ...................................................................21
3.3.1 Definition of Pentad ................................................................................... 21
3.3.2 Pentadic Ratios ...........................................................................................23
3.3.3 Terministic Screen ......................................................................................25
3.3.4 Identification and Logology .......................................................................27
3.3.5 Summary .................................................................................................... 30
Chapter Four Analyses of Economic Discourses on Prospect for Chinese Economy
under the Financial Crisis ........................................................................................ 31
4.1 Background of These Two Discourses ..............................................................31
4.2 Sample Analyses ............................................................................................... 32
4.2.1 Sample One ................................................................................................33
4.2.1.1 A General View of Sample One .......................................................... 33
4.2.1.2 Pentadic Analysis of Sample One ....................................................... 34
4.2.1.3 Analysis of Terministic Screens and Identification in Sample One ....37
4.2.1.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 42
4.2.2 Sample Two ................................................................................................43
4.2.2.1 A General View of Sample Two ..........................................................43
4.2.2.2 Pentadic Analysis of Sample Two.......................................................44
4.2.2.3 Analysis of Terministic Screens and Identification in Sample Two ... 49
4.2.2.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 53
4.3 A Comparison Between These Two Samples ................................................... 54
4.4 Degree of Literariness in Economic Discourse ................................................ 56
4.5 Summary ........................................................................................................... 62
Chapter Five Conclusion .............................................................................................. 63
5.1 A Brief Summary of the Findings ..................................................................... 63
5.2 Limitations and Implications ............................................................................ 64
References ...................................................................................................................... 66
Appendix ........................................................................................................................70
在读期间公开发表的论文 ............................................................................................ 83
Chapter One Introduction
1
Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Background of the Research
The global financial crisis really started to show its effect from the middle of 2007
to the present. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions
have collapsed or been bought out, and even the wealthiest nations’ government has had
to come up with rescue packages to save their financial systems. This series of ups and
downs in economic field urge people to turn to the economist, and even the economic
discourses become influential and authoritative. People believe in these economic
discourses whether they are the survivor of this financial disaster or are suffering from it.
One of the reasons that people are convinced of these economic discourses is that
people believe economic discourses are objective and authoritative. In common sense,
economic discourse is a kind of knowledge more than an article, but the truth fails to be
so.
During this financial crisis Chinese economy draws the whole world’s attention. A
large number of economic discourses from home and aboard concentrate on the trend of
Chinese economic development under the influence of financial crisis. Yet, these
perspectives or predictions from the economic discourses relating to the same event
are various or even conflict. Why are there such diversified perspectives of the same
event? What makes the difference? Is economic discourse really objective? How does
the argumentation come into being in the economic discourse? All these questions will
be delivered in the following thesis.
Language is sermonic as well as a presentation of values. As a preacher rhetoric
confronts us with choices involving values. Rhetorician attempts to direct our passion
towards noble or humble ends by creating various realities, in other words, it is a
process of argumentation. Economic discourse also constructs realities and shapes
people’s views unconsciously. When people read these discourses that preach up
Chinese economy, they believe it is developing at top speed and will surpass American
economy one day. These discourses debase Chinese economy make readers agree that
Chinese economy is just a bubble and will wither away after instant prosperity. To some
extent, economic discourse is more successful than other rhetorical discourses. It forms
Argumentation in Economic Discourse: A Dramatistic View
2
a judgment in reader’s minds that economic discourse just accounts for truth and
spreads knowledge that we are not aware of before.
Although economic rhetoric is still in the initial stage, much progress has been
achieved. As the cord of economic rhetoric, researches on economic discourse always
play a significant role in the study of economic rhetoric. Classical research on economic
discourse put emphasis on the language and economic theories which include truth and
logic, while post-classical research on economic discourse overemphasized these
so-called scientisms, such as operationalism, positivism and behaviorism. So during this
period economic rhetoric became a victim of mathematicalized economic. McCloskey’s
theory that economic discourse should be analyzed with literary critical method is one
of the representatives of modern research on economic discourse which promotes
economic rhetoric to a higher stage. But the research of economic rhetoric especially on
the social value of economic discourse is still limited and the motive hidden behind the
discourse is ignored. In the past research, people always focused on one thing whether
the discourse illustrated economic theory or fact clearly and methodically, but not the
essence of economic discourse.
Rhetoric is a way of altering reality. The creation of discourse changes reality
through the mediation of thought and action. As a kind of symbol language exists
objectively, but when it is used by people it will show its subjectivity of persuading
others to accept or be not averse to their words. Each author prefers to choose his own
words to create diversified realities with his personal bias for the various motives, so
language is just a kind of objective vehicle to express author’s subjective thoughts.
There never exists any discourse which is completely objective, and the distinction lies
in the degree of objectivity. Economic discourse is covered by objective data, model
and theory, so it is easy to pretend to be an objective one. Various people see different
facts, so they give diversified views towards the same event. Economic discourse serves
author’s subjective thoughts, so it gives different description to the same event.
In order to seek the motive behind economic discourse and break down the
limitation of former research this thesis attempts to use Kenneth Burke’s theory to
analyze economic discourse. After rhetorical turn, Kenneth Burke is one of the greatest
rhetor, and dramatistic criticism is a method that shows the most direct route to the
study of human relations and human motives. Burke consideres the world as a drama,
and this goes the same with language and economic discourse. With the dramatistic
摘要：
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iiABSTRACTSubprimelendingcrisisof2007sprangfromtheUnitedStatescausedworldeconomicrecessionwhichisthemostgrievousglobaleconomiccrisissince1930s.Underthissituation,Chineseoutputgallopsaheadatan8%annualrate.Allcirclesandeconomistsathomeandabroadhavevoiceddifferentopinionsaboutthis“ChineseMyth”.Sometend...
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作者：陈辉
分类：高等教育资料
价格：15积分
属性：89 页
大小：879.6KB
格式：PDF
时间：2024-11-19
