新疆7.5事件外媒报道的修辞分析

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学校代码：10252

学号：082120782

上海理工大学硕士学位论文

新疆 7.5 事件外媒报道的修辞分析

姓名汪玲玲

系别外语学院

专业外国语言学及应用语言学

研究方向西方修辞学

指导教师邓志勇教授

学位论文完成日期 2010 年12 月

University of Shanghai for Science and Technology

Master Dissertation

Rhetorical Analysis of Foreign Reports on the

7.5 Urumqi Riot

Name Wang Lingling

Department College of Foreign Languages

Specialty Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics

Research Direction Western Rhetoric

Supervisor Professor Deng Zhiyong

Complete Date December 2010

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Acknowledgements

This thesis could not have been completed without the support of many people

who are gratefully acknowledged here.

First and foremost, I wish to express my profound indebtedness to Professor Deng

Zhiyong, my supervisor, without whose encouragement, and whose keen interest in and

invaluable suggestions on my work, I would not have been able to complete this thesis.

I am also grateful for him for his scholarly influence on me in the two and half years of

my studying in USST.

Thanks due to all professors and my fellow graduate students who have provided

me with instructive suggestions concerning the organizing structure and ideas of the

thesis. From them I have benefited a lot inside and outside classroom.

I am also grateful to my friends because they have always been there for me, listen

to me rejoice, complain and ponder my way through the master study. I appreciate all

their friendship, love and collective encouragement to finish the thesis.

I feel a considerable debt to my family for their love, understanding, support and

encouragement during my study.

Next, I am sincerely much obliged to all the authors from whom I have cited

adequate sources.

ABSTRACT

The 7.5 Urumqi Riot was an incident of big influence in 2009, China. No sooner

had it happened than journalists from home and abroad rushed to Xinjiang to give their

instant reports. Among those foreign reports on the event, however, several reports from

major leading news media of western countries, such as CNN, BBC, deviate from the

truth. This phenomenon naturally arouses critics’ interests and attracts their attention to

make criticism. Different from present critical articles on these foreign news reports,

this thesis takes a dramatistic combining appraisal perspective to analyze. The

dramatistic perspective owes its theories mainly to Kenneth Burke, the greatest

rhetorician after Aristotle while the appraisal perspective to J. R. Martin, a well-known

Australian professor on the study of interpersonal meaning of language use.

Dramatism views language as symbolic action as well as drama, aiming to figure

out the rhetorical motives behind various discourses. As for dramatistic criticism, it

mainly includes three approaches, namely pentadic analysis, fantasy theme analysis and

narrative approach. This thesis adopts the most influential one—pentadic analysis. With

respect to its operation process, this approach first identifies the five pentadic elements

of a rhetorical act, then fixes the dominant one through an analysis of the pentadic ratios

the five elements form, and finally figures out the rhetorical motives far behind the

news discourse. As far as the process of appraisal system is concerned, words, phrases

or clauses in which the three kinds of evaluative resources occurring in the sample

reports are firstly identified, and then the frequency of the three subsystems of the

appraisal system is accounted to reveal the general feature of evaluative resources in

sample texts. The findings of appraisal analysis could be supportive of the findings

gained through dramatistic analysis.

With respect to sample texts analysis, the author selects three representative

foreign news reports which hold relatively contrastive standpoints towards the 7.5 Riot.

They are from three leading newspapers in two respective countries: the Time in the

United States, the Guardian and BBC in Britain. When analyzing, the author abides by a

main line of pentadic analysis and a supportive line of appraisal system analysis. To

assist the pentadic analysis, the author employs four other notions, namely argument,

terministic screen, logology and identification. The first three are employed to assist in

iii

explaining how reporters direct reader’s attention to the deflected reality they make,

while the latter is applied to present how reporters and his readers reach a consensus.

Following the respective analyses of the three sample reports, the author makes a

comparison between them and summarized their distinct ways of discourse construction

and different realities creation.

Under the dramatistic analysis of the three sample texts, this thesis figures out that

Sample One and Two set the pentadic element of scene as the dominant one and

constructs a reality of some Uighurs fighting for “freedom”. Whereas Sample Three sets

the act element as decisive and depicts a real picture of a gang of Uighur mobs

committing unforgivable crimes in the riot. Judging from the appraisal theory analysis,

the reporter of Sample One adopts engagement resources, mainly from representative of

the WUC which is the mastermind and those so-called professors researching Xinjiang

problem, to show Chinese government’s incompetence regarding Uighurs rights, and

the reporter of Sample Two employs attitude and graduation resources mostly to express

negative evaluation of Chinese government, whereas in Sample Three, the author uses

engagement resources, mainly from the local people and Chinese authorities, to tell

what had actually happened in the 7.5 Riot. Furthermore, as far as the principle of

objectivity is concerned, Sample Three covers all the sides concerned with the riot and

is a relatively comprehensive report consistent with the principle while Sample One and

Two are unfair reports being partial and misleading. This evident difference is clearly

reflected in their distinct ways of discourse construction driven by their distinct

rhetorical motives. By conducting such a research, the author hopes that her findings

could contribute a little to news discourse analysis on the 7.5 Urumqi Riot, and more

importantly, could arouse the domestic attention to the power of rhetoric, presenting

some hints for issues like world image building of China, solidarity maintenance, state

sovereignty defence and so on.

Key words: dramatistic criticism ，pentadic analysis, terministic screen,

identification, appraisal theory, news discourse analysis

摘要

2009 年 7 月 5 日，一群新疆民族分裂分子在乌鲁木齐实施了一系列打、砸、抢、

烧等严重暴力犯罪事件，在全中国乃至全世界激起强烈反响。事件发生后，各国

媒体争相报道。然而，在这一系列的报道中，来自主要西方国家的主流媒体如 CNN,

BBC 等却严重偏离事件事实，误导西方民众，损害了中国的国际形象。很快，这一

新闻现象引起了批评家们的广泛关注，相关批评性文章也相继出现。不同于传统

的话语批评方式，本文从戏剧主义和评价理论结合的角度出发对这些外国新闻报

道进行分析。其中戏剧主义修辞范式的理论主要来源于继 Aristotle 之后最伟大

的美国修辞学家 Kenneth Burke 的思想，而评价理论则来源于在研究语言应用的

交际意义领域中大有建树的澳大利亚学者马丁。

戏剧主义认为语言既是象征行动也是戏剧，旨在通过对语言的戏剧性分析找出

其背后的修辞动机。戏剧主义修辞批评主要包括戏剧五因素分析法、幻想分析法

和叙事范式分析法。其中本文运用的戏剧五因素分析法最具影响力。其操作过程

主要分为三个步骤：首先确认所研究修辞行动的五个戏剧性要素，其次通过分析

五因素构成的基本关系对子确定其主导性因素，以解析该新闻话语的事实建构过

程，最终挖掘出该新闻话语背后隐藏的修辞动机。在评价系统的运作过程中，首

先要确定新闻语篇中带有三种评价性资源的字、词或者小句，然后定量分析评价

理论下的三个子系统在新闻话语中的出现频率以期揭示出样本新闻报道中评价性

资源的主要特征。通过评价系统的分析得到的结果能支持由戏剧主义分析所得出

的结论。

本文的三篇分析对象分别来自美国著名杂志《时代周刊》以及英国著名杂志《卫

报》及英国广播公司，均具有代表性而且代表了国外主流媒体对于 7.5 新疆乌鲁

木齐事件两种对立的观点。在进行新闻实例分析的过程中，作者主要遵循以戏剧

主义的五因素分析为主线，同时以评价系统分析为辅助支撑的思路。然而，单凭

这两点还不足以充分地进行新闻语篇分析。因此，作者另外引入了四个重要概念，

即辩论、术语规范、符号理论系数和同一。前面三个概念有助于解释新闻报道者

如何将读者的注意力引到其建构的现实中去，后者则指出了新闻报道者和读者如

何达成共识。在对三篇文本进行分析之后，作者将其中的新闻话语做了对比分析，

总结了这三篇新闻报道不同的语篇建构方式及其呈现给读者的不同事实。

通过对 7.5 新疆乌鲁木齐新闻语篇进行戏剧主义修辞分析之后，本文发现

实例一和实例二均建构了以“场景”为主导的新疆“自由战”。而在实例三中，报

道者以“行动”为主导，为其读者描绘了一幅由一群新疆暴徒实施的不可原谅的

犯罪事件。从评价理论分析来看，实例一的作者采用了主要来源于世维会代表以

及外国所谓的新疆问题研究专家的介入评价性资源来展现中国政府在对待新疆少

数民族人民权利问题上的不作为，实例二的作者主要采用了态度和级差的评价性

资源来表明其对中国政府的负面评价，而在实例三中，新闻报道者采用主要来源

于新疆当地民众以及中国权威机构的介入性资源，以期为读者呈现 7.5 事件的真

实内容。除此之外，从新闻的客观性原则来看，实例三的报道涵盖了与事件相关

的各方，是相对客观公正的, 而实例一和实例二则片面且具有误导性。这点差异

清晰地体现在了这三篇新闻报道不同的语篇建构方式上，而造成这些不同建构方

式的原因正是隐藏在各自新闻话语之后不同的修辞动机。作者希望能借此研究除

了能为 7.5 新疆新闻现象的分析研究尽微薄之力，更能够引起国内对修辞所具有

的力量加以重视，为在当今形势下如何为中国树立良好的国际形象、维护民族团

结、保卫国家主权等问题提供一些思考。

关键词：戏剧主义修辞批评戏剧五因素分析法术语屏同一

评价理论新闻话语分析

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摘要：

学校代码：10252学号：082120782上海理工大学硕士学位论文新疆7.5事件外媒报道的修辞分析姓名汪玲玲系别外语学院专业外国语言学及应用语言学研究方向西方修辞学指导教师邓志勇教授学位论文完成日期2010年12月UniversityofShanghaiforScienceandTechnologyMasterDissertationRhetoricalAnalysisofForeignReportsonthe7.5UrumqiRiotNameWangLinglingDepartmentCollegeofForeignLanguagesSpecialtyForeignLinguisticsa...

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