美国总统诺贝尔和平奖获奖演讲的体裁批评

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3.0 赵德峰 2024-11-19 5 4 783.11KB 80 页 15积分

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ABSTRACT

Until 2009, in the Oslo City Hall a total of 97 individuals and 23 organizations

have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, among which there are four American

Presidents. Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. The

Peace Prize for 1919 reserved in that year and was granted in 1920 to Woodrow

Wilson. Jimmy Carter was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. The Nobel Prize

in Peace 2009 was granted to Barack H. Obama. Except Woodrow Wilson, the other

three American presidents have delivered their respective acceptance speeches for

Nobel Peace Prize. Since their acceptance speeches have set distinguished examples

in persuasion, it is really worth our while to study them. Up to now, to my limited

knowledge, there is only a little research on the American president’s acceptance

speeches for Nobel Peace Prize from the rhetorical angle. So this thesis tends to probe

into the rhetorical operation of the three acceptance speeches, in order to locate the

similarities in them, thus to prove that American Presidents’ acceptance speeches for

Nobel Peace Prize exist as a genre.

In this thesis, the author adopts the theory of Generic Criticism as the theoretic

basis to analyze the three acceptance speeches. Generic criticism believes that the

recurrent situation will prompt the similar rhetoric. And it focuses on the

commonalities in rhetorical patterns across recurring situations, rather than seeking to

unveil how one situation affects one particular rhetorical act. So in this thesis we

choose generic description as the theory background of our assumption. Specifically

speaking, after probing into three American Presidents’ acceptance speeches for

Nobel Peace Prize, we assume that the three acceptance speeches can form a genre.

And according to the generic description, once we can locate and describe the

similarities and commonalities among them, then we can prove that American

Presidents’ acceptance speeches exist as a genre.

So the process of proving the assumption is also a process of critique of the three

acceptance speeches, in which what we aim to achieve is to discern the similarities in

rhetorical situations and the corresponding rhetorical strategies. And in this process

we employ Lloyd Bitzer’s rhetorical situation theory, which is composed of exigence,

audience and constraints, to elaborate the similar rhetorical situation of the three

American Presidents’ Nobel Peace acceptance speeches. Then the author adopts

mainly the research results of classical rhetoric and American New rhetoric and

iii

makes them as the rhetorical tool to describe the similarities in the identification

strategies. We have found that the identification is achieved through rhetorical form

and rhetorical content in the three acceptance speeches. Specifically speaking, the

speakers employ the same conventional form and the similar delicate pattern to

identify with audience. Meanwhile they also adopt the similar rhetorical content to

fulfill the purpose of identifying and persuading. The author adopts the theories of

identification, the artistic proofs and enthymeme to analyze and describe their similar

rhetorical content.

Through a rhetorical analysis of the three American Presidents’ acceptance

speeches for Nobel Peace Prize, we arrive at a conclusion that their parallel rhetorical

situation really prompt the similar rhetorical response—the three acceptance speeches.

So it is safe to say that the genre of the American Presidents’ Nobel Peace

acceptance speeches really exists.

Key Words: acceptance speeches, generic criticism, rhetorical

situation, persuasion, identification

摘要

至2009 年为止，共有 97 人及 23 个组织在奥斯陆市政厅获得诺贝尔和平奖，

其中有四任美国总统：西奥多·罗斯福于 1906 年获奖；

1919 年的和平奖被保留，

于1920 年颁发给伍德罗·威尔逊总统；几米·卡特于 2002 年获奖；2009 年诺

贝尔和平奖颁发给巴拉克·奥巴马。除威尔逊以外，其他三位美国总统均在颁奖

礼上发表了其获奖演讲。由于其在劝说效力方面的典范作用，值得我们对其进行

研究。据笔者所知，至今为止，从修辞方面就美国总统的诺贝尔和平奖获奖演讲

所作的研究尚不多见。因此本文拟就分析此三篇获奖演讲，目的是找出其中共同

之处，从而证明美国总统诺贝尔和平奖获奖演讲作为一种体裁已经形成。

此篇论文中，笔者将体裁批评作为分析这三篇获奖演讲的理论基础。体裁批

评认为相似的情境会导致相似的修辞。与此同时，此种修辞批评关注在相似情境

下修辞手段的相同之处，而不是修辞情境如何影响修辞行为。因此此文中笔者选

择体裁描写作为本文中假设命题的理论依据。详细来说，在初步探讨美国总统诺

贝尔和平奖获奖演讲之后，我们提出一个假设：此种演讲已经作为一种体裁而存

在。根据体裁描写所述，如果能够找出并描述其中共同之处，则能够证明其作为

一种体裁已形成。

因此证明此假设的过程即为分析此三篇获奖演讲的过程，在此过程中我们力

图详细描述修辞情境中的相似之处以及与之相对应的修辞策略的相似之处。首先

笔者运用比彻尔的“修辞情境”论，从其三个成分：紧急状态、听众和制约因素入

手详述了三位美国总统诺贝尔和平奖获奖演讲的高度相似的修辞情境。之后将古

典修辞学，美国新修辞学等重要理论研究成果融合作为理论工具，对针对相似情

境的同一修辞策略—“同一”进行描述。我们发现此三篇演讲皆是通过修辞形式

和修辞内容以达到与听众的同一。具体来说，演讲者运用了相同的传统形式以及

高度相似的文章格局以达到同一的目。而与此同时，他们在修辞内容的选择上也

极其相似。笔者运用同一理论，亚里士多德的修辞三诉诸以及三段论对三篇演讲

的相似修辞内容进行了分析和描述。

通过对美国总统诺贝尔和平奖获奖演讲的修辞分析，我们得出结论：高度相

似的修辞情境引发了相似的修辞行为—相似的获奖演讲。因此我们认为美国总统

诺贝尔和平奖获奖演讲已经作为一种体裁而存在。

关键词：获奖演讲体裁批评修辞情境劝说同一

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 3.1 Relationship between identification and enthymeme........................................ 28

Fig. 4.1 A spoken communication structure....................................................................35

Fig. 4.2 Typical pattern of public speech........................................................................ 38

Fig. 4.3 Common delicate pattern of American presidents’ Nobel Peace acceptance

speeches...........................................................................................................................39

Fig.4.4 Application 1 of identification by sympathy.......................................................46

Fig.4.5 Human needs hierarchy.......................................................................................47

Fig.4.6 Application 2 of identification by sympathy.......................................................49

Fig.4.7 Application 3 of identification by sympathy.......................................................51

Contents

Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................i

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... ii

摘要..............................................................................................................................iv

Chapter One Introduction.............................................................................................. 1

1.1 Origin of the Study.............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Objectives of the Study....................................................................................... 2

1.3 Organization of the Thesis...................................................................................3

Chapter Two Literature Review.....................................................................................5

2.1 Public Speech and American Presidents’ Nobel Peace Acceptance Speeches.....5

2.1.1 Definition of Public Speech..........................................................................5

2.1.2 Features of Public Speech............................................................................ 5

2.1.3 Classification of Public Speech.................................................................... 6

2.2 Nobel Peace Acceptance Speeches as a Kind of Public Speech......................... 7

2.2.1 Definition of Acceptance Speeches.............................................................. 7

2.2.2 American Presidents’ Nobel Peace Acceptance Speeches........................... 8

2.3 Previous Studies on Public Speech and Nobel Peace Acceptance speeches....... 9

2.3.1 Rhetorical Study on Public Speech Abroad..................................................9

2.3.2 Rhetorical Study on Public Speech at Home..............................................11

2.3.3 Previous Studies Related to Nobel Peace Prize and Its Acceptance

Speeches................................................................................................................... 12

Chapter Three Theoretical Framework Construction...............................................15

3.1 Genre................................................................................................................. 15

3.2 Generic Criticism...............................................................................................16

3.2.1 Rhetorical Criticism....................................................................................16

3.2.2 Generic Criticism........................................................................................18

3.2.3 Lloyd Bitzer’s Rhetorical Situation............................................................19

3.3 Kenneth Burke’s Identification..........................................................................22

3.4 Aristotle’s Three Artistic Proofs in Identification: Ethos, Pathos, Logos......... 24

3.4.1 Ethos........................................................................................................... 24

3.4.2 Pathos......................................................................................................... 25

3.4.3 Logos.......................................................................................................... 25

3.5 Relationship between Identification and Artistic Proofs...................................27

Chapter Four A Critique of American Presidents’ Nobel Peace Acceptance

Speeches..........................................................................................................................29

4.1 American Presidents’ Nobel Peace Acceptance Speeches as a Genre...............29

4.2 Similar Rhetorical Situation of American Presidents’ Nobel Peace

Acceptance Speeches................................................................................................... 30

4.2.1 Resemblance in Exigence...........................................................................30

4.2.1.1 Exigence in Theodore Roosevelt’s Nobel Peace Acceptance Speech....... 31

4.2.1.2 Exigence in Jimmy Carter’s Nobel Peace Acceptance Speech................. 32

4.2.1.3 Exigence in Barak H. Obama’s Nobel Peace Acceptance Speech............ 33

4.2.2 Similar Audience........................................................................................ 34

4.2.3 Similar Constraints..................................................................................... 36

4.3 Similar Identification Strategies........................................................................ 37

4.3.1 Identification by Similar Rhetorical Form................................................. 38

4.3.2 Identification by Similar Rhetorical Contents............................................40

4.3.2.1 Sympathetic Identification in Values in Theodore Roosevelt’s Nobel

Peace Acceptance Speech.......................................................................... 45

4.3.2.2 Sympathetic Identification in Needs in Jimmy Carter’s Nobel Peace

Acceptance Speech.................................................................................... 47

4.3.2.3 Sympathetic Identification in Barak H. Obama’s Nobel Peace

Acceptance Speech.................................................................................... 50

4.4 Summary............................................................................................................52

Chapter Five Conclusion.............................................................................................. 53

5.1 A Brief Summary of the Study.......................................................................... 53

5.2 Limitations and Suggestions for the Further Study...........................................54

Appendices..................................................................................................................... 55

References.......................................................................................................................70

在读期间公开发表的论文............................................................................................. 75

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 Origin of the study

On 10th December, 2009 Barak H. Obama accepted the Nobel Peace Prize and

delivered an acceptance speech entitled A Just and Lasting Peace, which means that

Obama became the fourth American president awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. It is well

acknowledged that the Nobel Peace Prize is the most controversial one among the five

prizes. Yet the decision to award the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize to President Barak Obama

has promoted an unprecedented flurry of reaction all over the world. That is because at

that time Obama had been the American president for less than one year, and at the

same time America was involved two wars-- Iraq war and Afghanistan war. So as the

response to the query and question towards Obama’s prizewinning, his speech attracted

great attention because of the considerable value in many fields such as politics,

economy and philosophy. Of course as a kind of political speech, the acceptance speech

is really worthy in the field of linguistics. Consequently, we are attracted by Obama’s

speech to all of the acceptance speeches for Nobel Peace Prize.

In fact, the studying of political speech or just speech from the perspective of

linguistics dates back to thousands of years ago. According to Aristotle, rhetoric is

primarily originated from and evolved along with public speech or oral discourse. At

that time people attached great importance to the skills of speech. Possessing eloquence

was even considered to be the ability for one to be outstanding in the social life. In one

word, the traditional rhetoric laid stress on speech. In the 1950s and 1960s, apart from

the linguists and philosophers, a great number of researchers from other fields took

interest in speech. And Meanwhile, American New rhetoric provided people with new

understandings of rhetoric to study speech. The focus of rhetoric was changed from the

study of speaker’s intentions to the interpretation of audience. So the critique of

discourse was no longer limited to the rules given by the early philosophers because

new environment and methods had established us a completely open system.

In this thesis, we are going to probe into the acceptance speeches from the

perspective of rhetoric. According to Nobel’s will, the Nobel Peace Prize should go to

“the person who shall have done the most or best work for fraternity among nations, for

the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace

A Generic Criticism of American Presidents’ Nobel Peace Acceptance Speeches

congresses” 1. Of course the interpretation and understanding of “what is peace” varies

according to different people from different countries or various cultures, which means

that there is a probability in the proposition of “peace” identified by the Norway

committee. And it is the probability that enables the operation of rhetoric to come into

this picture. So we believe that the speaker on the rewarding ceremony will take any

pains to employ the rhetorical strategies to persuade the audience and it is really worth

our while to focus on the study.

As we have mentioned before, there are already piles of researches on public

speaking from many perspectives. In linguistic field, some articles on the public

speaking are studied with a systemic-functional approach. Some are investigated with a

stylistic approach at different levels. And the articles studying on the public speaking

from a rhetorical perspective have done by some scholars. However, as far as I know,

the Nobel Peace acceptance speeches have hardly been probed into from a linguistic

perspective, particularly from a rhetorical angle. Hence, a brand-new rhetorical

approach to study the Nobel Peace acceptance speeches is our calling.

Inspired by Professor Deng Zhiyong, the author has made fundamental studies on

the four American presidents who have been granted the Nobel Peace Prize and found

that except President Wilson, the other three have delivered the acceptance speeches,

which have many characteristics in common. And this phenomenon—in the recurring

situation the similar response come into being, well illustrates the theory of rhetorical

situation in Generic Criticism. So in this thesis, we are going to study the three

acceptance speeches for Nobel Peace Prize from the America presidents with the model

of Generic Criticism and try to prove the American presidents’ Nobel Peace acceptance

speeches as a genre exists.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The whole study of this thesis focuses on the rhetorical operation of the three

Nobel Peace acceptance speeches from American presidents. It’s going to adopt Generic

Criticism to critique the three speeches. The commonalities and similarities will be

found and described in the process of rhetorical critique with the tool of Lloyd Bitzer’s

rhetorical situation theory. Then the persuasion analysis with Kenneth Burk’s

1http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/

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摘要：

iiABSTRACTUntil2009,intheOsloCityHallatotalof97individualsand23organizationshavebeenawardedtheNobelPeacePrize,amongwhichtherearefourAmericanPresidents.TheodoreRooseveltwasawardedtheNobelPeacePrizein1906.ThePeacePrizefor1919reservedinthatyearandwasgrantedin1920toWoodrowWilson.JimmyCarterwasawardedthe...

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