表面肌电信号对医疗器械人因设计评价的研究

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摘要

医生在操作医疗器械时，往往由于一些医疗器械不符合医疗仪器的人因工程

学设计的要求而使一些医生患上与职业相关的骨骼肌肉疾病(Work-related

Musculoskeletal Disorders, WMSD)。如何防止各种类型的与职业相关的骨骼肌肉疾

病是工效学/人因工程学的重要研究内容。表面肌电（surface electromyography,

sEMG）技术作为一种生理指标测量技术,可用来对神经肌肉功能状态和活动水平

做出评价，从而可用来对医疗器械人因工程学设计进行评价。

本文设计并开发了一种表面肌电信号采集分析系统。根据肌电信号的特点和

研究要求，本系统采用研华公司生产的 PCI-1710HG 数据采集卡作为采集系统的核

心，并辅以各种必要的外围电路。整个系统包括信号检测与预处理模块、信号采

集模块及信号显示、处理分析模块。表面电极获得的微弱肌电信号通过屏蔽缆线

接入调理模块放大电路进行预处理，预处理后的模拟信号通过 A/D 转换后变成数

字信号，通过 PCI 总线进入 PC 机。实现了在 PC 机上应用虚拟仪器软件

(LabVIEW2009)实现肌电信号的准确采集，并对采集到的肌电信号进行时域和频域

的分析处理，使其能够满足对肌肉的负荷和疲劳状态的评价研究。对系统的测试

验证中同时采集健康受试者的右前臂的指浅屈肌和桡侧腕长伸肌两个肌肉群的表

面肌电信号，结果显示，该系统不但能够采集到清晰的肌电信号，而且能够满足

对肌肉的负荷和疲劳状态的评价分析。

在评价研究中，10 个受试者使用两个在设计样式和重量存在差异的超声探头

进行模拟超声检测操作任务。试验中记录仪记录前臂上的两块肌肉-指浅屈肌和桡

侧腕长伸肌的肌肉活动。以肌电信号均方根值（Root Mean Square, RMS）、中值频

率值（Median Frequency, MF）作为参数指标对信号进行联合时频分析(Joint Analysis

of Spectrum and Amplitude，

JASA)，再结合受试者主观反馈进行评定，从超声探头

对手部局部肌肉的负荷和疲劳的产生有无统计学差异，来对超声探头的人因设计

进行系统的评价。结果显示使用质量较重和手柄宽度较小的超声探头时手部要承

担更大的劳动负荷，更容易使局部肌肉产生疲劳，同时受试者主观反馈结果与表

面肌电测定结果存在一致相关性。本研究可以为超声探头及其他医疗器械的人因

设计评价提供方法。

关键词：人因工程学医疗器械表面肌电信号数据采集肌肉负荷

ABSTRACT

As doctors operation some medical devices, often because of some medical

equipments don`t meet the principle of ergonomics that cause some doctors suffer from

occupational-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD). How to prevent all types of

occupational-related musculoskeletal disorders is ergonomics / human factors

engineering important research. Surface electromyography (sEMG) technology as a

physiological measurement techniques, neuromuscular function and activity level can

be evaluation, and also the ergonomic of the medical device can be evaluation by it.

An surface EMG signal acquisition and analysis system be described by this paper.

According to the characteristics of sEMG and gathering technical requirements of the

system, PCI-1710HG data acquisition card that made by Advantech Co. as the core of

the collection system, supplemented by the necessary peripheral circuits. The entire

system, contains signal detection and pre-processing module, the signal acquisition

module and the signal display, analysis and processing module. Weak surface EMG

obtained by electrode access through the cable shielding to the conditioning amplifier

module pretreatment, the analog signal after pretreatment by A / D converted into digital

signal through the PCI bus into the PC. In the PC, the virtual instrument software

(LabVIEW2009) as the software platform to acquire accurate sEMG signal. The sEMG

signals will be processed and analyzed at the time domain and frequency domain, so

that it can meet the evaluation of the muscle load and fatigue state. Surface

electromyography signals of two forearm muscles-flexor digitorum superficialis and

extensor carpi radialis longus from the healthy subjects were collected in the system

testing and validation. Test results show that the system not only can acquire a clear

EMG, and can meet analysis and evaluation of the muscle load and fatigue state .

In this evaluation study, 10 volunteers were invited to use two ultrasonic probe that

with design and weight difference to simulate the posture and action the sonographer do

when check for patient. Records the muscles activity of. the two forearm muscles-flexor

digitorum superficialis and extensor carpi radialis longus. The EMG root mean

square(RMS), median frequency (MF) index as a parameter of joint analysis of

spectrum and amplitude(JASA), combined with subjects subjective feedback ,

evaluation the ergonomic of the medical device by the result of the statistics show the

significant difference between different ultrasound probe act on the arm of the subjects.

The results showed the ultrasonic probe heavier and smaller width of the handle to

III

assume greater work load, more easily localized muscle fatigue, the results of the

subjective feedback of the volunteers were coincident correlation with surface

electromyography measured results. This research method can be used as the

methodology to evaluation the ergonomic design of the medical device handle.

Key Word：ergonomics, medical device, surface electromyography,

data acquisition, muscle load

中文摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论 .....................................................................................................................1

§1.1 人因工程学概述 ...............................................................................................1

§1.1.1 人因工程学定义 .....................................................................................1

§1.1.2 人因工程学的研究方向 .........................................................................1

§1.1.3 人因工程学的研究方法 .........................................................................2

§1.2 医疗器械人因设计的意义及主要研究内容 ...................................................3

§1.3 肌电信号用于医疗器械人因设计评价的意义 ...............................................4

§1.4 国内外研究现状 ...............................................................................................7

§1.5 本课题的研究目标以及本论文的主要内容 ...................................................8

第二章表面肌电采集分析系统 ...................................................................................10

§2.1 肌电信号的特征及分析方法 ..........................................................................10

§2.1.1 肌电信号的特征说明 ...........................................................................10

§2.1.2 表面肌电信号的分析方法研究 ...........................................................11

§2.2 表面肌电信号采集分析系统设计方案 .........................................................12

§2.2.1 系统的总体设计 ...................................................................................12

§2.2.2 系统的干扰源分析 ...............................................................................13

§2.3 表面肌电信号的硬件系统设计 .....................................................................13

§2.3.1 表面肌电信号采集电极 .......................................................................14

§2.3.2 信号调理模块 .......................................................................................15

§2.3.3 信号的 A/D 转换模块 ..........................................................................22

§2.3.4 系统的屏蔽设计 ...................................................................................23

§2.4 表面肌电信号的软件设计 .............................................................................24

§2.4.1 软件开发平台的选择 ...........................................................................24

§2.4.2 软件系统的功能结构 ...........................................................................25

§2.4.3 肌电数据的采集 ...................................................................................26

§2.4.4 肌电信号分析处理模块 .......................................................................28

§2.4.5 肌电信号数据的存储模块 ...................................................................31

§2.5 系统的测试验证 .............................................................................................32

§2.6 本章小结 .........................................................................................................34

第三章利用表面肌电信号进行超声探头 ...................................................................35

人因工程学评价 .............................................................................................................35

§3.1 超声探头人因工程学设计评价的意义 .........................................................35

§3.2 人因工程评价影响因素分析 .........................................................................37

§3.3 试验总体设计 .................................................................................................38

§3.4 受试者的要求及选择 .....................................................................................39

§3.5 超声探头的选择 ..............................................................................................39

§3.6 各受试者最大自主收缩肌电 .........................................................................40

§3.7 人因工程评价方式 .........................................................................................41

§3.8 表面肌电信号的采集及分析方法 ..................................................................42

§3.8.1 表面肌电电极 .......................................................................................42

§3.8.2 肌电信号分析方法 ...............................................................................43

§3.9 受试者主观评价 .............................................................................................44

§3.10 数据的统计学处理 ........................................................................................45

§3.11 本章小结 .......................................................................................................45

第四章评价结果及分析 ...............................................................................................46

§4.1 肌电时域信号数据结果及分析 .....................................................................46

§4.2 肌电信号时频联合分析 .................................................................................49

§4.3 主观感受结果及分析 .....................................................................................50

第五章结论与展望 .....................................................................................................52

§5.1 结论 .................................................................................................................52

§5.2 展望 .................................................................................................................53

参考文献 .........................................................................................................................56

在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果 .............................................60

致谢 .............................................................................................................................61

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摘要：

I摘要医生在操作医疗器械时，往往由于一些医疗器械不符合医疗仪器的人因工程学设计的要求而使一些医生患上与职业相关的骨骼肌肉疾病(Work-relatedMusculoskeletalDisorders,WMSD)。如何防止各种类型的与职业相关的骨骼肌肉疾病是工效学/人因工程学的重要研究内容。表面肌电（surfaceelectromyography,sEMG）技术作为一种生理指标测量技术,可用来对神经肌肉功能状态和活动水平做出评价，从而可用来对医疗器械人因工程学设计进行评价。本文设计并开发了一种表面肌电信号采集分析系统。根据肌电信号的特点和研究要求，本系统采用研华公司生产的PCI-1710HG数据...

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