UBAF预处理微污染源水试验研究

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摘要

近年来，随着我国工业的发展和农用化学品的使用，排放点源和面源的污水

和污染物逐渐增加，这使得饮用水源受到了严重污染。微污染源水中普遍存在着

溶解性有机物增多、氨氮浓度高、水体异味、色度增加、藻类大量繁殖等问题，

使安全供水存在隐患。因此，解决微污染源水污染问题已迫在眉睫。

常规的净水工艺包括混凝、沉淀、过滤、消毒。混凝-澄清工艺主要去除水中

悬浮物质和胶体物质，但是却难以有效地降低水中有机污染物浓度。常规净水工

艺的这种局限性使得其一般用于处理较清洁的源水；如果水源水被污染，处理效

果将不理想。

作为给水的一种处理技术，曝气生物滤池（biological aerated filter,简称 BAF）

能够较好的去除水源中浊度、可生物降解有机物、氨氮、铁、锰、致突变物及其

前体物等污染物，改善和提高了饮用水的生物稳定性和安全性。作为预处理工艺，

BAF+常规工艺的组合工艺能够较好的降低水的致突变性。因此，BAF 是解决水源

水微污染问题、提高水厂出水水质的有效途径之一。

山东某自来水厂的源水处理工艺存在以下问题：有机物去除率不高，出厂水

中CODMn 量超标（CODMn＞3mg/L）；脱氮效果不佳；出厂水中嗅味问题突出，尤

其是夏季；管网中细菌滋生严重；投氯量较大等。为解决以上问题，我们进行了

中试试验。试验研究内容为：设计源水预处理工艺为上流式曝气生物滤池，气水

同向，确定 UBAF 运行的参数；通过研究 UBAF 工艺对水中浊度、氨氮、CODMn、

NO2--N、总氮、总磷等污染物指标去除效果，探讨该工艺的可行性；通过改变影

响UBAF 工艺处理效果的主要参数如气水比、温度、水力负荷等数值大小，取得

最优工艺参数，使污染物去除效果达到最佳；考察污染物去除率随填料高度的变

化情况。

UBAF 中填料选择火山岩，粒径为 2～5mm，常温下，当气水比为 0.5：1～0.75：

1，水力负荷为 3.0～4.5m3/(m2·h)（即滤速为 3.0～4.5m/h），反冲洗方式为气-水

联合反冲洗，反冲洗时间为 10～15min，水冲洗强度为：5～7L/(m2·s)，气冲洗强

度为 10～15L/(m2·s)，反冲洗周期为 7d 时，曝气生物滤池对氨氮、有机物、NO2--N

都有着较好的去除率,并且在距进水端 80cm 处得到大部分去除；氨氮的去除率平

均为 36%左右，CODMn 的平均去除率为 18%左右，NO2--N 的去除率为 52%左右。

UBAF 后出水中氨氮浓度为 0.09～0.26mg/L,平均出水氨氮浓度为 0.17mg/L，满足

《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2006）中对氨氮含量（以 N计，

mg/L）为≤0.5mg/L

的要求。UBAF 出水中，CODMn 值近一半是小于 3mg/L，这是因为源水中 CODMn

愈低，去除效果越不佳。但是出水中较低的 CODMn 含量保障了后续处理工艺的正

常运行。此外，曝气生物滤池在源水中浊度和色度都较低的情况下，对浊度和色

度也有着较好的去除效果，曝气生物滤池对浊度的去除率在 48.73～93.41%，浊度

平均去除率也有 70%左右，UBAF 后出水中浊度为 0.15～1.84NTU,平均出水浊度

为0.88NTU，符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2006）中对浊度低于 1NTU

的要求。而曝气生物滤池后的出水中的色度均在 5度以下，也符合《生活饮用水

卫生标准》（GB5749-2006）中对色度低于 15 度的要求。曝气生物滤池对源水在总

N、总 P（总 N浓度为 1.28～4.49mg/L，总 P的浓度为 0.008～0.018mg/L）都较低

的情况下，对二者也有着不错的去除效果。

试验创新点：采用火山岩滤料作为生物载体。火山岩填料是一种新型环保材

料，含有丰富的矿物质和微量元素，无辐射而且具有远红外磁波，是理想的天然、

环保节能材料。除了具备普通生物填料的一般特点外，火山岩滤料还具有孔隙多、

质量轻、保温、隔热、耐高温、除臭、吸音、耐酸碱、耐腐蚀、抗风化且无污染、

无放射性等功能，耐水力剪切强度大，使用寿命远远超出其它滤料。

关键词:上流式曝气生物滤池微污染源水 CODMn 氨氮浊度

ABSTRACT

Recently, the resources of drinking water have suffered from more serious

pollution with the increasement of point and area surface pollution as a result of the

development of industry and the increasement of chemistry used in agriculture. There

are prevalently a lot of issues in the headstream polluted lightly,such as more organic

matters,high concentration for NH3-N,bad smell in water,high chroma,more alair which

will bring problems for the safety in water supply.For the moment,we have to solve

those pollution problems in the headstream.

Routine techniques used in the disposal of water contain coagulation, settling,

leaching, and disinfection.The craftwork coagulation -clarification mostly gets rid of

suspended substance and colloid sediment, but hardly dissolved substance in water, so it

is difficult to reduce the organic pollution.Routine techniques which are adopted in the

disposal of clean headstream exist localization to a certain extent.If the headstream is

polluted, the disposal effect would not obtain the target.

As a rising technique in water supply,biological aerated filter (for short BAF) is

developing and consummating persistently.BAF could get rid of turbidity,biodegradable

organic substance,NH3-N,Fe,Mn and Mutagenicity and its precursor to a certain extent

at the same time effectively.BAF could improve and perfect bio-stability and safety of

drinking water.The combination between BAF and routine technique could solve the

light pollution in headstream effectively and is an effect approach to improve the quality

of water supply.

This pilot scale was carried through in some waterworks of Shandong

province,trying to solve the problems existing in the waterwoks.Water from the

waterworks has been used mainly as supply for all subsidiary companies of the group

and also several towns around.The problems existing in the waterworks are as

follows:bad wipping effect for NH3-N,bad smell in water supply,especially in

summer,growing bacterias in pipe nets,bigger chlorine content thrown etc.Aiming to

these issues and characteristic of BAF,so designed the project as follows:Designing

upflow biological aerated filter as pre-disposal craftworks and confirming some relevant

parameters of UBAF according to particular conditions.The direction of air is the same

as water.Working the wiping results of turbidity,NH3-N,CODMn,NO2--N,total nitrogen

and phosphor by UBAF,discussing feasibility of UBAF.Changing the parameters

affecting the wiping effect of UBAF,such as air water ration,Temperture,Hydraulic Load

（for short HL）in order to get the optimum parameters and effect,expecting to supply

theoretic support and get ready for latter membrane craftworks,solving the issues

existing in waterworks. To inspect removal rate of pollution with filter highlight.

In the condition of water quality,the optimum parameters are as follows:filter

material was volcanic rock,the diameter of filter material was 2 ～5mm,under normal

temperature,air water ration was 0.5:1～0.75:1,HL was 3.0～4.5 m3/(m2·h)（rate of

filtration was 3.0～4.5 m3/(m2·h)），the mode of backwash was air-water combined

backwash,the lasting time of backwash was 10～15min,the intension of water backwash

was5～7L/(m2·s),the intension of air backwash was 10～15L/(m2·s),the cycle of

backwash was 7 days.UBAF could get rid of NH3-N,organic substance,NO2--N

effectively and pollution has been removed mostly at 80cm highlight to the

entry.Average removal rate of NH3-N was about 36%,Average removal rate of CODMn

was 18%,Average removal rate of NO2--N was about 52%.The NH3-N concentration

was 0.09 ～0.26mg/L,average 0.17mg/L in the water from UBAF,which meets the

standard of ≤0.5mg/L from current national standards for drink water.Nearly half of

the CODMn from UBAF are lower than 3mg/L.This is because the CODMn of source

water is so low that the removal rate of CODMn is low relevantly.But the lower CODMn

could ensure that the latter routine techniques is able to run normally. In addition,UBAF

could get rid of turbidity and chroma of water effectively with lower turbidity and

chroma in raw water.The removal rate of turbidity through UBAF was among 48.73～

93.41%,average about 70%.The turbidity in yielding water was among 0.15 ～

1.84NTU,average 0.88NTU,up to the national standards for drink water finally.At the

same time,the chroma in yielding water was under 5du，up to the national standards for

drink water finally.UBAF also could get rid of total nitrogen and pHosphor effectively.

The innovation is to adopt volcanic rocks as filter. Volcanic rock which contains

abundant mineral,trace element,no irradiation and owning far infrared magnetic wave is

a new,natural,energy-saving and protection of the environment material.Except the traits

owned by common bio-filters,volcanic rock contains the traits as follows:much

aperture,light quality,keeping warm, heat insulation, thermostable,

deodorization,adsorbing sound, acid/alkali-resistant, corrosion-resistant,

weathering-resistant,no pollution,no radiation, strong hydrodynamic force-resistant and

longer life-span than other filters.

Keywords: UBAF, water polluted lightly, CODMn, NH3-N, turbidity

中文摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论 ...................................................... 1

§1.1 我国水资源形势 ............................................. 1

§1.2 饮用水污染现状及危害 ....................................... 2

§1.3 微污染源水及常规净水工艺的局限性 ........................... 4

§1.4 课题提出的背景和研究意义 ................................... 5

§1.4.1 课题提出的背景 ..........................................5

§1.4.2 研究内容和目的 ..........................................6

§1.4.3 课题创新点 ..............................................6

第二章曝气生物滤池及其结构组成 ................................... 7

§2.1 曝气生物滤池简介 ........................................... 7

§2.1.1 曝气生物滤池净化机理 ....................................8

§2.1.2 曝气生物滤池基本类型 ....................................8

§2.2 曝气生物滤池的构造和组成 .................................. 11

§2.2.1 滤池池体 ...............................................11

§2.2.2 滤料 ...................................................12

§2.2.3 承托层 .................................................12

§2.2.4 布水系统和布气系统 .....................................12

§2.2.5 反冲洗系统 .............................................12

§2.3 国内外曝气生物滤池处理有机物和氨氮效果 .................... 13

§2.4 曝气生物滤池在饮用水预处理中的主要特点 .................... 14

第三章曝气生物滤池预处理工艺的设计 .............................. 16

§3.1 源水水质和运行条件 ........................................ 16

§3.2 试验方案 .................................................. 16

§3.2.1 试验方案的确定 .........................................16

§3.2.2 试验内容 ...............................................17

§3.2.3 试验参数的确定 .........................................18

§3.2.4 试验装置图 .............................................19

§3.2.5 测定指标、测定方法及指标限值 ...........................20

§3.3 试验工况 .................................................. 20

§3.4 本章小结 .................................................. 21

第四章曝气生物滤池挂膜启动 ...................................... 22

§4.1 微生物膜及其形成过程 ...................................... 22

§4.2 参与净化的微生物群 ........................................ 22

§4.3 主要影响因素 .............................................. 23

§4.4 滤池挂膜启动 .............................................. 24

§4.5 本章小结 .................................................. 26

第五章稳定运行时污染物去除效果及分析 ............................ 27

§5.1 不同工况对氨氮去除效果影响及分析 .......................... 27

§5.1.1 温度对氨氮去除效果影响及分析 ...........................28

§5.1.2 水力负荷对氨氮去除效果影响及分析 .......................29

§5.1.3 冲击负荷对氨氮去除效果影响及分析 .......................30

§5.1.4 气水比对氨氮去除效果影响及分析 .........................32

§5.2 不同工况对 CODMn 去除效果影响及分析 ......................... 32

§5.2.1 冲击负荷对 CODMn 去除效果影响及分析 ...................... 32

§5.2.2 气水比对 CODMn 去除效果影响及分析 ........................ 34

§5.2.3 水力负荷对 CODMn 去除效果影响及分析 ...................... 35

§5.2.4 水温对 CODMn 去除效果影响及分析 .......................... 36

§5.3 不同工况对 NO2

--N 去除效果影响及分析 ........................ 37

§5.3.1 水温对 NO2

--N 去除效果影响及分析 .........................37

§5.3.2 冲击负荷对 NO2

--N 去除效果影响及分析 .....................38

§5.3.3 水力负荷对 NO2

--N 去除效果影响及分析 .....................41

§5.4 浊度去除效果及分析 ........................................ 42

§5.5 色度去除效果及分析 ........................................ 43

§5.6 总 N、总 P 的去除效果及分析 .................................44

§5.7 填料高度对污染物去除效果影响及分析 ........................ 44

§5.8 本章小结 .................................................. 45

§5.8.1 不同工况对水中各污染物去除影响 .........................45

§5.8.2 最佳运行条件的确定 .....................................46

第六章反冲洗 .................................................... 47

§6.1 反冲洗方式的确定 .......................................... 47

§6.2 反冲洗强度和时间的确定 .................................... 47

§6.3 反冲洗周期的确定 .......................................... 48

§6.4 反冲洗对系统运行的影响及分析 .............................. 48

§6.5 本章小结 .................................................. 49

第七章结论和展望 ................................................ 51

§7.1 结论 ...................................................... 51

§7.2 展望 ...................................................... 52

参考文献 ......................................................... 53

在读期间公开发表的论文 ........................................... 57

致谢 ............................................................ 58

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摘要：

摘要近年来，随着我国工业的发展和农用化学品的使用，排放点源和面源的污水和污染物逐渐增加，这使得饮用水源受到了严重污染。微污染源水中普遍存在着溶解性有机物增多、氨氮浓度高、水体异味、色度增加、藻类大量繁殖等问题，使安全供水存在隐患。因此，解决微污染源水污染问题已迫在眉睫。常规的净水工艺包括混凝、沉淀、过滤、消毒。混凝-澄清工艺主要去除水中悬浮物质和胶体物质，但是却难以有效地降低水中有机污染物浓度。常规净水工艺的这种局限性使得其一般用于处理较清洁的源水；如果水源水被污染，处理效果将不理想。作为给水的一种处理技术，曝气生物滤池（biologicalaeratedfilter,简称BAF）能够较好的去...

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