盖斯凯尔夫人的小说《南方与北方》中生态意识的觉醒

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硕士学位论文

Since the nineteenth century, industrialization and urbanization in Britain have

not solely accelerated technological innovation and wealth accumulation, but also

aggravated such conflicts as environmental crisis, class hostility and gender

discrimination. Mrs. Gaskell’s novel North and South distinctly reveals such problems

and sends out a foresighted ecological appeal for a harmonious world. For a long time,

however, critics focus their commentary of this novel on such themes as class

relations, alienation of commodity, gender inversion as well as religion, family and

death. Most of these researches are carried out separately, with no sufficient regard to

the innate relationship between various social crises and environmental crisis, and the

novel’s inherent ecological consciousness still remains beyond the critical horizons.

The cognition about Mrs. Gaskell’s creative achievements has yet to be deepened.

This thesis, based on previous and current commentary, makes an attempt at exploring

the awakening of ecological consciousness throughout the novel.

The central viewpoint of this thesis is that an ecological consciousness in North

and South awakens in the threefold adversity of environmental, labor-relation and

gender-relation crises. Environmental crisis keeps eroding human health;

labor-relation crisis devastates social stability; gender-relation crisis deprives

women’s basic equality and freedom. The triple crises are intricately related and

mutually influenced, which makes the ecological problems even more complex.

However, the roots of all these crises — anthropocentricism, hierarchal dualism and

androcentricism — are homologous and can be traced to the conception of

dominations, namely, human domination of nature, masters’ domination of workers

and male dominant of female. With a serious concern about various crises, the novel

actively explores a solution and conveys a strong appeal for a reformed ecological

relationship through a detailed description about three ecological transformations. In

the first place, the fictional scene turns from the southern village Helstone to the

northern industrial city Milton, which is not only a geographical but an environmental

conversion. The serious environmental crisis and survival predicaments in Milton

make a sharp contrast with the peaceful wilderness and agrarian life in Helstone. This

contrast implicates a strong aspiration for the restoration of human’s harmony with

nature. With the worsening environment, the dualistic opposition between masters and

workers gets sharp and class hostility intensified, but the novel, through the

reconciliation between Higgins and Thornton, molds a great transformation of

labor-relations from hostility to mutuality and coexistence, which can be seen as an

硕士学位论文

III

appeal for the harmony between two classes. Intertwined with the previous two

transformations, female identity also experiences an evident shift from subordination

to equality. Margaret Hale grows from a domestic girl into a full member of her

community with equal dignity and independence. It is, therefore, an appeal for the

harmony between two genders. To summarize, the novel authentically conveys the

awakening of ecological consciousness in such territories as human-nature relations,

labor relations and gender-identity relations, and finally appeals for a harmonious

world characterized by equality, mutuality and symbiosis.

The thesis explains the causation of ecological consciousness in North and South

with reference to the theory of eco-criticism and the whole demonstration is based on

textual analysis. It fully investigates the root causes underneath various crises with an

analysis of their manifestations, and attentively explores the ecological concern,

ecological wisdom, and ecological demands inherent in the novel by examining its

triple transformations. It is the inherent ecological consciousness that makes the novel

once again show its vitality in most newly-industrialized countries even one and a half

centuries after its publication. Up to now, this consciousness gradually comes to

maturity and perfection, and ultimately constitutes a set of moral principles to conduct

people’s behavior in the process of industrialization, because only with reference to

these values can human evade going astray and successfully build up a harmonious

world. In the meantime, to make a more objective and comprehensive understanding

of Mrs. Gaskell’ creative achievements, it is also necessary to further an ecological

inquiry of her industrial novels.

Key Words: North and South; ecological consciousness; awakening; eco-criticism

摘要

硕士学位论文

十九世纪以来，英国工业化和城镇化不仅加快了技术革新和财富积累，同时

也加深了环境危机、阶级对立和性别歧视等矛盾。盖斯凯尔夫人的小说《南方与

北方》突出地反映了这些问题，并且发出一种在当时具有先见之明的诉求——构

建和谐世界的生态诉求。然而长期以来，评论界对于这部小说的研究多集中在阶

级关系、商品异化、性别越位以及宗教、家庭、死亡等主题上。评论家主要是针

对其中某个方面单独开展研究，尚未对各种社会危机和环境危机之间的内在关系

给予足够关注。小说所蕴含的生态意识还没有得到充分挖掘。对盖斯凯尔夫人创

作成就的认识还有待深化。本文将在先前和当前相关研究的基础上，探讨贯穿于

这部小说中的生态意识觉醒问题。

本文的核心观点是：《南方与北方》中的生态意识觉醒于环境危机、劳资关

系危机和性别关系危机的三重困境之中。其中，环境危机持续侵蚀着人类健康；

阶级关系危机破坏了社会稳定；性别关系危机剥夺了女性基本的平等和自由权

利。三重危机相互交织、相互影响，使得生态问题更加复杂化。然而，这些危机

的根源——人类中心主义、阶级二元对立和男性中心主义——都是同源的，均可

追溯到一种支配观念，即人对自然的支配、厂主对工人的支配以及男性对女性的

支配。小说严正关注各种危机，积极探索解决危机的途径，通过详细描述三种生

态转向，强烈呼吁人与自然之间、人与人之间应建立一种新的生态关系。首先是

故事场景由南方乡村赫尔斯通转向北方工业重镇米尔顿。这种转向不仅是地理位

置上的转变，而且是生态环境的转变。米尔顿严重的环境危机和生存困境与赫尔

斯通那种和平安宁的荒野和农耕生活形成了鲜明对照。这种对照暗含了一种复归

人与自然和谐关系的强烈愿望。随着环境的恶化，劳资之间的二元对立尖锐化，

阶级仇视进一步加剧，但小说通过描写希金斯和桑顿的和解，塑造了一种由仇视

对抗向相依共存关系的转化。这一转化可被视为小说寻求两个阶级和谐共处的一

种诉求。同时，女性身份也经历着一个由从属地位向平等地位转变的过程，并与

以上两种转向交织在一起。玛格丽特·希尔从一个大门不出的女孩成长为一个成

熟的社区成员，并拥有了平等的尊严和独立的人格。这便成为一种对建立两性之

间平等和谐关系的诉求。总之，小说在人与自然的关系、劳资关系和性别身份关

系三个层面上真实地表达了一种生态意识的觉醒，并最终呼吁建立一个以平等、

相依、共生为特征的和谐世界。

本文运用相关生态批评理论对《南方与北方》中的生态意识的因果关系进行

了解释，整个论证立足文本分析：在分析各种危机表现的基础上，充分挖掘危机

的根源；通过考察三种转向深入探讨小说所蕴含的生态关怀、生态智慧、和生态

诉求。正是蕴含于其中的这种生态意识才使得这部小说在一个半世纪以后的新兴

工业国家重新彰显活力。迄今为止，这一意识已经逐渐走向成熟和完善，并且最

硕士学位论文

终形成一套道德原则，以指导人们在工业化进程中的行为，因为只有用生态价值

观作指导，人类才能避免误入歧途，从而构建起和谐世界。同时，若要对盖斯凯

尔夫人的创作成就作出更加客观全面的认识，也必须不断深化对其工业小说的生

态探究。

关键词：《南方与北方》；生态意识；觉醒；生态批评

Contents

硕士学位论文

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….1

Chapter 1 Industrialization and Ecological Crises………………………………...8

1.1 Environmental Crisis…………........................................................................8

1.2 Labor-relation Crisis…................................................................................12

1.3 Gender-relation Crisis ………………………………………………….......15

Chapter 2 The Awakening of Natural Ecological Consciousness………………..17

2.1 The Roots of Environmental Crisis…………................................................17

2.2 The Transformation from Agrarian South to Industrial North.......................19

2.3 An Appeal for the Harmony between Human and Nature…………………22

Chapter 3 The Awakening of Class Ecological Consciousness …………………..26

3.1 The Roots of Labor-relation Crisis…….........................................................26

3.2 The Transformation from Hostility to Reconciliation……............................28

3.3 An Appeal for the Harmony between Two Classes ………………………33

Chapter 4 The Awakening of Gender Ecological Consciousness...………………36

4.1 The Roots of Gender-relation Crisis…………...............................................36

4.2 The Transformation from Subordination to Equality…………….................38

4.3 An Appeal for the Harmony between Two Genders………………………47

Chapter 5 An Appeal for Reconstruction of Ecological Harmony………….........50

5.1 Reconstruction of Ecological Concepts…….................................................51

5.2 Reconstruction of a Harmonious World …………………………………53

Conclusion………………...........................................................................................56

Bibliography………………………………………………………………………...58

硕士学位论文

VII

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摘要：

硕士学位论文IISincethenineteenthcentury,industrializationandurbanizationinBritainhavenotsolelyacceleratedtechnologicalinnovationandwealthaccumulation,butalsoaggravatedsuchconflictsasenvironmentalcrisis,classhostilityandgenderdiscrimination.Mrs.Gaskell’snovelNorthandSouthdistinctlyrevealssuchproblemsandsen...

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