负折射光子晶体反常Doppler效应的实验验证

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摘要

开展负折射材料的研究具有重要的科学意义和实际应用效益，符合科学研究

发展的趋势，是目前物理学界的前沿性课题。光子晶体作为未来集成光路的基础

材料，在光通讯、微波通讯、光电器件、光电子集成以及国防隐身材料等领域具

有十分广阔的应用前景，因而被许多国家列为战略研究项目，一场关于光子晶体

的国际竞争正在如火如荼的展开。

目前负折射材料的研究集中在两个方面：一个是负折射材料的研究，对于各

种负折射材料如何设计其结构改进性能，其目标是尽量拓宽负折射发生的频率范

围，尽量降低损耗和探索合成负折射材料的新方法；另一个是负折射材料物理效

应的研究。目前取得重要进展和受到广泛关注的仍是负折射效应和 Pendry 在此基

础上提出的“超透镜”效应。其他方面，反常 Doppler 效应和反常 Cerenkov 效应

等其他效应的研究还非常少。

鉴于此，本文致力于研究负折射光子晶体的反常 Doppler 效应的实验验证，在

制备了光子晶体实物、理论上严格设计整套实验方案的基础上，结合光学，电子

技术和机械知识，建立了测量负折射光子晶体反常 Doppler 效应实验验证的光学系

统。开展的主要研究工作和获得的结论如下：

从理论上分析设计了实验所用的光子晶体结构，据所设计的结构制备了光子

晶体样品，再在万能工具显微镜下加工成实验能用的光子晶体组件。光子晶体组

件的良好性是实验成功的首要条件。

从Doppler 效应及光程两个不同角度理论分析了所设计的实验方案，推导了理

论上应该产生的光电流及拍频公式，并阐明了所设计的实验方案能证明负折射光

子晶体的 Doppler 效应是反常的判据；介绍了实验的光路系统（信号光路与参考光

路）、扫描控制系统、数据采集系统中所需的实验设备；阐述了实验控制程序的总

体设计方案。实验方案的设计及实验设备的精心选择为实验的成功进行做好充分

的准备。

首次证明了负折射光子晶体确实存在反常 Doppler 效应。验证了 632.8nm 波长

及10600nm 波长激光的正常 Doppler 效应与理论分析相符；用棱镜折射实验验证

所设计的光子晶体结构对于 10600nm 波长确实存在负折射现象；据所设计的光路

结构，验证了负折射光子晶体的反常 Doppler 效应实验结果与理论分析值的相对误

差能控制在 10%以内。

关键词：负折射光子晶体反常多普勒效应拍频

III

ABSTRACT

The study of negative refraction materials has important scientific significance

and practical application of benefits in line with the development trend of scientific

research, which is the cutting-edge topic in the physics. Photonic crystals as the basis

for the future integration of optical materials, optical communications, microwave

communications, optoelectronic devices, optoelectronic integrations, and national

defense areas such as stealth materials, have very broad application prospects, they

have been classified as strategic research projects in many countries. An international

competition of photonic crystals has attracted much focus.

The current study on negative refraction materials is focused on two aspects:

One is the research of negative refraction materials, how to design their structures to

improve performance, the objective is to broaden the range of frequency of negative

refraction, to minimize the loss and to explore the new methods of synthesis of

negative refraction materials; The other is the research of the physical effects of

negative refraction materials. For the moment, the important progress is being made

and received in the negative refraction effect and in the “super lens” effect which

brought forward by Pendry. Other areas, the research of the reversed Doppler effect

and the reversed Cerenkov effect, and other anomalous effects is very little.

In view of this, this article dedicated to the experimental verification of the

reversed Doppler effect of negative refraction photonic crystal. Based on the

preparation of the photonic crystal sample and the strict set of the whole experiment,

combination of optics, electronics and mechanical knowledge to build an optical

system to measure the reversed Doppler effect of negative refraction photonic crystal.

The main research contents and important results for the paper are given as follows:

We designed the photonic crystal structure in theory, prepared the photonic

crystal samples according to the design, and made a usable experimental photonic

crystal component under the universal microscope. Good performance of the

photonic crystal component is the primary condition for the success of the

experiment.

From two different aspects: the Doppler effect and the optical path, the designed

experimental program is theoretically analyzed. Theoretical formula of optical

current and beat frequency about the experiment are obtained, and it is illustrated

that the designed experimental program can prove the reversed Doppler effect. In

addition, the laboratory equipments for the experimental optical systems (optical

signal and reference light path), scanning control systems and data acquisition

systems are illustrated. Besides, the overall control procedure design of the

experiment is described. Program design and the careful select of the experimental

equipment made a full preparation for the success of the experiment.

The first demonstration of the existence of reversed Doppler effect in photonic

crystal is realized. Verified the normal Doppler effect for the wavelength of 632.8nm

and 10600nm, the experimental result is agree with the theory. The negative

refraction phenomenon at the wavelength of 10600nm is verified by the experiment

using refractive of the prism. According to the designed optical structure, it is

verified the relative error between experimental results of reversed Doppler effect of

photonic crystal and the theoretical values can be controlled within 10%.

Key Word：Negative refraction, Photonic crystal, Reversed Doppler

effect, Beat frequency

中文摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论............................................................................................................1

§1.1 负折射材料的研究现状...............................................................................1

§1.1.1 负折射材料的特性 ..............................................................................1

§1.1.2 负折射现象的实验表征方法................................................................3

§1.1.3 负折射材料的实验研究进展................................................................5

§1.2 本文的选题背景、意义.............................................................................10

§1.3 本文的研究目标和内容安排.....................................................................11

§1.4 本文的创新点.............................................................................................11

第二章二维负折射光子晶体样品设计及组件制作............................................13

§2.1 光子晶体的理论研究方法.........................................................................13

§2.2 实验用二维负折射光子晶体样品的设计.................................................15

§2.2.1 二维负折射光子晶体的理论设计 ....................................................15

§2.2.2 二维负折射光子晶体样品的制备 ....................................................18

§2.2.3 实验用光子晶体组件的制作..............................................................21

§2.3 本章小结.....................................................................................................23

第三章光子晶体反常 Doppler 效应实验平台的设计........................................ 25

§3.1 Doppler 效应原理及应用.......................................................................... 25

§3.2 反常 Doppler 效应实验的光路设计原理................................................. 26

§3.2.1 光路设计原理（从 Doppler 效应的角度分析）.............................. 26

§3.2.2 光路设计原理（从光程的角度分析）..............................................32

§3.3 实验所需装置.............................................................................................35

§3.3.1 光路系统..............................................................................................36

§3.3.2 扫描控制系统......................................................................................38

§3.3.3 数据采集系统......................................................................................45

§3.4 实验控制程序的总体设计方案.................................................................50

§3.5 本章小结.....................................................................................................52

第四章负折射光子晶体反常 Doppler 效应的实验验证.................................... 53

§4.1 正常 Doppler 效应实验............................................................................. 53

§4.1.1 正常 Doppler 效应实验系统.............................................................. 53

§4.1.2 632.8nm 波长的正常 Doppler 效应实验结果................................... 55

§4.1.3 10600nm 波长的正常 Doppler 效应实验结果.................................. 60

§4.1.4 不同电机驱动的电移台的实验测试..................................................65

§4.2 光子晶体的负折射实验结果.....................................................................66

§4.3 负折射光子晶体的反常 Doppler 效应实验............................................. 68

§4.3.1 光子晶体反常 Doppler 效应实验结果.............................................. 68

§4.3.2 光子晶体反常 Doppler 效应实验的问题讨论.................................. 76

§4.4 本章小结.....................................................................................................77

第五章总结与展望................................................................................................79

参考文献..................................................................................................................81

在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果......................................91

致谢..........................................................................................................................92

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摘要：

I摘要开展负折射材料的研究具有重要的科学意义和实际应用效益，符合科学研究发展的趋势，是目前物理学界的前沿性课题。光子晶体作为未来集成光路的基础材料，在光通讯、微波通讯、光电器件、光电子集成以及国防隐身材料等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景，因而被许多国家列为战略研究项目，一场关于光子晶体的国际竞争正在如火如荼的展开。目前负折射材料的研究集中在两个方面：一个是负折射材料的研究，对于各种负折射材料如何设计其结构改进性能，其目标是尽量拓宽负折射发生的频率范围，尽量降低损耗和探索合成负折射材料的新方法；另一个是负折射材料物理效应的研究。目前取得重要进展和受到广泛关注的仍是负折射效应和Pendry在此基础上提...

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