数字图像处理在光栅质量评定中的应用

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摘 要
计量光栅是一种常用而且又重要的光学器件,它在许多领域中都有广泛的应
用。在使用光栅之前,必须要对它的质量做一评定。虽然光栅作为产品,在出厂之
前已经通过质量检验,但在检验,是通过显微对光栅进行观察,看光栅的
纹是否规则,是否有明显的凸出或凹陷。使用的显微镜的放大倍数一般为 40 倍。
这是因为如果放大倍数太小,一细微的细节将观察不到;而放大倍数过大
话,视场的范围将太小,因面如要对光栅的每部分都要观察到是十分困难
这样检验起来会很麻烦。这是从观方面来考虑;同时在检验时,是通过肉
来观察的,不同的人去观察,得的结论也可能不同,所以检验结果受到检
者个人的主观因素的影响也较大这是从主观方来考察的。因此,不论从主
还是客观方面去考虑,这样的检验方法都有不足之处。
由于这些不足之处,有必要对用的方法来检验栅的质量做一研究。本
的目的就是为了改进传统方法,用计算机图像理技术处理分析光栅的透射
从而对光栅的质量进行检验、评定。
本课题至少有以下两方面的意义:
在本文所提出的方法中,检验光质量的过程中经过显微镜放大后
图像不是直接用肉眼来观察,而通过传感器输到监视器中通过计
机来分析的。这样做一方面克服显微镜放大倍这一客观条件的限
同时也避免了由肉眼观察所带来的主观方面的影响因素。
在检验时,只要用摄像系统采集到光栅的透射像,然后对该图像
行一定的分析,就可以检验光栅的质量,因而检验系统结构简单、快捷。
有一定的实用价值
在本文中,作者主要做了以下工作:
图像的滤波及其方法的选择。
由于在采集光栅透射图像的过程中,可能存在位移、旋转等畸变。也可能由于
其它各种因素的干扰使图像产生声或使图像变糊,因而首先需要对图像进
平滑和增强等预处理, 这就是对图像的滤波。
在本文中通过分析比较,利用了种新的滤波技,即小波变换的方法来
除图像中的噪声。小波变换是近来得到迅速发的一种新的信号处理方法,
已经在许多领域里得到了重要的用。小波滤波是利用信号和噪声在各
的小波系数有所不同的,来对它行分从而滤波的目的。
Matalb 了所得的结果,对结做了分析,模滤波结果还是
相当的。
光栅图像条纹方
光栅的透射图像是一种的纹理图像,它由相间的条,纹理比
较规则。因而在本文的分析中,纹的一个重要数,需要,在
文的处理中将采用 Hough 变换的方法。
Hough 变换是于 1962 年在美国作为利而的,它对图像形状可以进行
识别,而对噪声的影响不太所以得了很大的应用。本文
Hough 变换检线理,定了光栅图像条纹的方Matlab 时进行
了模。模结果明,该方法对光栅透射图像的处理,可以到要
图像的算法的研究
值图像处理为像处理系统目前很多,这主要是为这种系
理速快,,而且还能定的各等。因此图像
值图像来处理是很有必要的。在文中对光栅图进行处理的过程中,也需要
图像转化成值图像。
对图像时理时值的是一关键,在本文作者研究
了该题,本课题研究的的,提出了一的算法,该算法用
Matlab 进行了模,结果明该算法是可行的。
评定指标
过对析提
定,就必须有评定是评价光栅质量的指标计的好与
评价结果的可靠性因而,本标设评价分析做了一定的研
得到了比较意的结果。
关键词:数字图像处理 光栅 小波变换 二值化 指标 质量评定
ABSTRACT
Metric raster is an important and useful optical instrument, and has been widely
used in various fields. We must access it’s quality before we use a raster. As products,
raster has passed the quality inspection before leaving factory, but the inspection is done
using the microscope to check if the stripe of the raster is regular, if there exists obvious
protrusion or concave. In general, the enlargement factor of the microscope is 40, if the
multiple is too small, the remoteness details can’t be observed. If the multiple is too
large, the visual field will be too small, making it difficult to observe each part of the
raster. Hence, this inspection method is difficult to implement. Further more, different
people may get different results because the results can only be observed by means of
human eyes using this inspection method. It’s easy to see that this inspection method
does have some disadvantages from both subjective or objective points of view.
Based on the facts mentioned above, it’s necessary to find a new way to inspect the
quality of raster. Using the technology about digital image processing, we will improve
the traditional method to analyze the quality of transmission image of raster and
appraise the quality of raster in the end.
This paper has at least two advantages as follows:
Using the method brought forward in this paper, the image enlarged with the
microscope is inputted to computer using a sensor and will be analyzed by
computer instead of human eyes during the course of inspection. This method
not only can eliminate the limitation of multiple of enlargement, but also can
avoid the subjective impacts of human eyes.
The inspection system is simple, practical, and easy to implement, because the
quality of raster can be appraised simply by collecting the transmission image
of the raster for analysis using computer.
What the author has mainly done in this paper is:
The filtering of image and the selection of approach
Because the image is likely to be displaced and rotated in the course of collection,
and the image is tend to include noise or become fuzzy because of some other factors.
Hence, it must be filtered before we analyze the transmission image of raster.
This paper has introduced a new method called Wavelet transform to handle the
image filtering. This technology about digital signal filtering has developed rapidly in
the past several decades and has played an important role in many important
applications in various fields. Depending on the characteristic that the signal and noise
has different wavelet coefficient in different scale, Wavelet transform successfully
separate noise from signal. Using Matlab, a very famous software in engineering
calculation, We simulated the result, and analyzed the result we have got, the result
indicated that the filtering approach is relatively effective.
Determine the directional angel of the stripe in the image
The transmission image of raster is a typical texture image, and the strip in the
image is quite formal. In this paper, the direction of the stripe is an important parameter
for the analysis of transmission image, so the determination of the directional angel of
the stripe is necessary. We finished this work based on the theory of Hough transform .
Hough transform was bring forward as patent in the U.S in 1962, it can effectively
identify the shape of image and isn’t very hypersensitive to the noise, so this approach
is widely adopted in various applications. In this paper, we advances an approach using
the Hough Transform to determine the transmission image’s stripe angle, the effective
result of this approach is validated by the simulation test using Matlab.
The study on algorithm about thresholding
Binary image has many advantages, like higher processing speed, lower cost, the
easier definitions about some geometrical concepts, and so on. Many systems are based
on binary image processing. So it is necessary to transform the color image to binary
image. In this paper, we also need transform the image to binary image in the course of
processing raster image.
To transform the image to binary image, the key problem is to determine the threshold.
We worked on this problem and brought forward a feasible and practical algorithm in
this paper. In the end, we simulated this algorithm using Matlab and the algorithm had
proved to be effective.
The designing of the index of assessing
Our purpose in this paper is to assess the quality of raster based on the analysis of
the transmission image of raster, so we must have some index about it, and this is the
key to quality assessing. The index designed can greatly influence our assessing result
and the reliability of the result. So in the paper we also worked on how to design the
index and on the overall evaluation analysis. And we got satisfactory results in the end.
Key words: Digital image processing, Raster, Wavelet Transform,
Thresholding, Index, Quality Assessing
目 录
ABSTRACT
绪 ..................................................................................................................1
§1.1 题的提出..........................................................................................................1
§1.1.1 光栅简............................................................................................................................1
§1.1.2 光栅质量的检验................................................................................................................2
§1.1.3 透射图像的采集................................................................................................................2
§1.1.4 本文所提出的方法............................................................................................................3
§1.1.5 本文研究的意义................................................................................................................4
§1.2 该领域目前的研究概况......................................................................................4
§1.2.1 图像处理简............................................................................................................4
§1.2.2 目前研究概况....................................................................................................................5
§1.2.3 纹理图像处理研究概况...................................................................................................6
§1.3 本文的主要内容及结构......................................................................................7
§1.3.1 主要内容............................................................................................................................7
§1.3.2 结构安排............................................................................................................................7
第二章 图像的概念..........................................................................................9
§2.1 引言......................................................................................................................9
§2.2 图像模..............................................................................................................9
§2.3 图像的数字化....................................................................................................10
§2.3.1 采样..................................................................................................................................10
§2.3.2 ..................................................................................................................................11
§2.3.3 图像的矩阵表示..............................................................................................................11
§2.4 图像类型....................................................................................................12
§2.4.1 真彩色图像......................................................................................................................13
§2.4.2 灰度图像..........................................................................................................................13
§2.4.3 值图像..........................................................................................................................13
§2.5 图像类型的转换................................................................................................13
§2.5.1 真彩色图像转换为灰度图像.........................................................................................14
§2.5.2 灰度图像转换为值图像.............................................................................................14
第三章 图像的滤波........................................................................................................15
§3.1 引言....................................................................................................................15
§3.2 小波变换的概念................................................................................................15
§3.2.1 小波变换..................................................................................................................15
§3.2.2 正交多尺..............................................................................................................16
§3.2.3 二维小波变换..................................................................................................................19
§3.3 小波变换滤波及算法........................................................................................21
§3.4 仿真............................................................................................................22
§3.4.1 仿真结果..........................................................................................................................22
§3.4.2 结果分析..........................................................................................................................25
第四章 图像条纹方........................................................................................28
§4.1 引言....................................................................................................................28
§4.2 HOUGH 变换的定义及...............................................................................28
§4.2.1 Hough 变换的定义..........................................................................................................28
§4.2.2 Hough 变换的..........................................................................................................30
§4.3 图像边缘的检................................................................................................30
§4.3.1 Sobel 概念...........................................................................................................30
§4.3.2 边缘的提......................................................................................................................31
§4.4 HOUGH 变换定图像纹理的方..............................................................31
§4.5 仿真............................................................................................................33
§4.5.1 仿真结果..........................................................................................................................33
§4.5.2 结果分析..........................................................................................................................34
第五章 图像的....................................................................................................36
§5.1 引言....................................................................................................................36
§5.2 图像概念....................................................................................36
§5.2.1 静态门..........................................................................................................................36
§5.2.2 一般动态门..................................................................................................................36
§5.2.3 背景动态门..................................................................................................................37
§5.3 定的理论分析........................................................................................37
§5.3.1 概述..................................................................................................................................37
§5.3.2 布尔代数出发分析.....................................................................................................38
§5.3.3 二元域出发分析..........................................................................................................41
§5.3.4 点说..........................................................................................................................42
§5.4 指标重的............................................................................................42
§5.4.1 分析..........................................................................................................................42
§5.4.2 理论分析..........................................................................................................................44
§5.4.3 重的......................................................................................................................47
§5.5 算法描述............................................................................................................47
§5.5.1 算法分析..........................................................................................................................47
§5.5.2 算法程图......................................................................................................................48
§5.6 仿真............................................................................................................49
§5.6.1 仿真结果..........................................................................................................................49
§5.6.2 结果分析..........................................................................................................................50
第六章 评价指标................................................................................................51
§6.1 引言....................................................................................................................51
§6.2 统计指标............................................................................................................51
§6.2.1 样本空间..........................................................................................................................51
§6.2.2 ..................................................................................................................................53
§6.2.3 ..................................................................................................................................55
§6.2.4 偏度..................................................................................................................................56
§6.2.5 峰度..................................................................................................................................58
§6.3 指标............................................................................................................59
§6.3.1 ..................................................................................................................................59
§6.3.2 误差..........................................................................................................................61
§6.4 指标综合分析................................................................................................64
第七章 评价方法及结果................................................................................................65
§7.1 引言....................................................................................................................65
§7.2 评价............................................................................................................65
§7.2.1 指标的量......................................................................................................................65
§7.2.2 评价..........................................................................................................................66
§7.2.3 评价量的范数..............................................................................................................67
§7.3 评价结果............................................................................................................67
§7.4 结果分析............................................................................................................69
§7.4.1 类误差......................................................................................................................69
§7.4.2 第二类误差......................................................................................................................69
§7.4.3 评价时..........................................................................................................................69
第八章 束语................................................................................................................71
§8.1 本文的主要结论................................................................................................71
§8.2 本文存在的不足................................................................................................72
§8.3 进一研究的展............................................................................................72
.............................................................................................................................74
附录.................................................................................................................................75
附录 1各种边缘子边缘结果..........................................................................75
附录 2图像条纹角度计算程序源代码......................................................................76
考文.........................................................................................................................80
章 绪
第一章 绪 论
§1.1 题的提出
§1.1.1 光栅简
根据物理学中的单缝衍理,如果有两条或多条狭缝紧靠在一起,单
平行光通过后,形成有明暗相间射图样。这样,由许多等间距的平
行单组成的光学件,为光栅[1]
光栅的种很多。若按工作理来分,有理光栅和计量光栅两种。前者主要
用于,做散元;后者主要用精密量和精密动控制等
从制方法,可以分刻划光栅光栅从光
面结构分,可以分为值光栅叫黑白位光栅叫闪耀
两种。从光栅载体上划分,有光栅和光栅两种。
面所,光栅工作理来分,理光栅和计量光栅两种。前者主
要用于光谱仪器而者主要用于计。这是由于它不同
的。对于理光栅来,它的条纹相当密集,而计量光栅的条纹不太集。如果
一个条纹一个为一周期话,一般栅一毫米
数大1000 左右,这样光线通过光栅时将发生现象。而对计量光栅来
毫米数大个到线通过栅时不会发生而是
像。的像为光栅的透射图。对一个理的光栅,放大后的图像如图 1.1
而它的透射图像也类似形状
本文就是从计量光栅的透射图像出发来进行研究的,所以本文后文中所提到
的光栅,如果不加特别说明,的就是计量光栅。
计量光栅应用时,是利用光栅叠合时产生的莫尔条纹,其中一
为主光栅,而块称指示光栅。
从计量光栅的主要能看,它和尺、度盘一样,也是一种标准[2~6]同时
由于计量光栅一系列优,它广泛,用作标准器,而且
1
1.1  光栅放大图
图像处理在光栅质量评定中的应用
多的被当作传感器和发于数等。归纳来,计量栅主要有以下
方面的用[2]
用于数字式光学计量器。如数字万能工显微镜、光学分度仪和比长仪
等。在这里,光栅是作为标准器应用的。
用于高精度加工机标准。如高精度长机和
光学坐标镗床等。
用于动态测器。如齿轮单面啮合仪等。
用于数的模数转换器。如数控车床,数控滚齿机,数控铣床等。
§1.1.2 光栅质量的检验
前面过,应用栅时,通常都利用光栅叠合时产生的
应,即实应用中光对使用的,在工程中这被称是光
光栅中,光栅定的光栅光栅的,可以做平移或
角度的旋光栅产生的微量,莫尔表现
为较大的平移或旋转。所以莫尔纹可看做是一个光学放大器,因栅移
时所产生的微通过莫尔号而较大的量。然纹信号来
行计量或计数。
所以光栅的质量至要,如果栅的质量,产生的纹信
量将会存,这样对量结果将产生影响所以,在使用光栅之前,要
光栅的质量进行检验。
一般情况下,光栅作为品出厂之前,要经过质量检验,检验时通过显
镜对光栅进行观察,看光栅的条是否规则,是有明显的凸出或凹陷。使用
显微镜的放大倍数一般为 40 倍。这是因为如果放大倍数太小,一些细微的细节将
会观察不到;而放大倍数过大的,视场的范围太小,如果要对光栅的每一
分都要观察到的话,检验起来会很麻烦。这是从客观方面来考虑的。同时在检验时
是通过肉眼来观察的,不同的人观察,得到的论也可能会不同,所以检验
果受到检验者个人的主观因素的影响也较大,这是从主观方面来考察的。
不论从客观方面还是主观方面来,传统的光栅验方法都有不足之处,
以有必要用新的方法来检验光栅的质量。
§1.1.3 透射图像的采集
有必要对光栅透射图像的采集过做一简要介绍采集用到器就
像系统。它可以用如图 1.2 图来意,其中主要部分为计量光栅、显微镜
镜、CCD 传感器和监视器。该系统可以进一分为两部分,其中一部分是光栅
通过显微镜镜,可以看做是光学放大部分,经过光学放大后的图像,
CCD 传感器转化成电号,输入到监视器电脑)最终成离散信号或者数
图像,这也是个放大过程,放大。经放大后的像,就是
们最终得到的光栅的透射图像。
2
计量光栅 显微镜
 
CCD 传感器 监视器 
光学放大部分 电子放大部分
摘要:

摘 要计量光栅是一种常用而且又重要的光学器件,它在许多领域中都有广泛的应用。在使用光栅之前,必须要对它的质量做一评定。虽然光栅作为产品,在出厂之前已经通过质量检验,但在检验时,是通过显微镜对光栅进行观察,看光栅的条纹是否规则,是否有明显的凸出或凹陷。使用的显微镜的放大倍数一般为40倍。这是因为如果放大倍数太小,一些细微的细节将会观察不到;而放大倍数过大的话,视场的范围将太小,因面如果要对光栅的每一部分都要观察到是十分困难的这样检验起来会很麻烦。这是从客观方面来考虑的;同时在检验时,是通过肉眼来观察的,不同的人去观察,得到的结论也可能会不同,所以检验结果受到检验者个人的主观因素的影响也较大,这是...

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