创业者先前经验、学习模式对创业能力的影响研究

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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

摘要

创业活动活跃、创业企业关闭率较高以及创业者创业能力普遍偏低已成为中

国的创业现状。创业能力成为影响创业成功的一个重要因素，如何提升创业能力

成为创业实践亟待解决的问题。现实中，创业前积累各种工作经验、创业经验，

增强个体创业能力，提升创业成功率已经成为一种社会大众的主流观点，对创业

实践具有重要的指导作用。在创业研究领域，学者们认为经验学习是创业学习的

关键。创业者通过对先前经验进行学习，改变创业知识、能力和绩效。先前经验

对创业知识、创业能力以及创业绩效具有重要的影响。已有研究多关注于先前经

验对创业绩效的影响，而创业能力作为先前经验和创业绩效间受先前经验影响更

为直接的一个因素却远未得到足够的重视。此外，对于先前经验如何对创业能力

产生影响，又是什么因素影响了两者的关系，学术界的相关研究较为匮乏。更有

学者指出，创业学习研究还处于发展初期，相关实证研究尤其缺乏。为此，本研

究将具有工作经验或者创业经验的新企业创业者作为调查对象，选择了新企业初

创期的创业情景，深入细致地分析了先前经验对创业能力的影响，检验了学习模

式的调节作用，为今后基于先前经验的创业学习机制研究打下基础。

研究主要采用了文献研究法、问卷调查法及定量分析法。首先，通过文献研

究提出了先前经验包含六个维度，即创业经验多样性、行业经验多样性、职能经

验多样性、创业经验相关性、行业经验相关性以及职能经验相关性；学习模式包

含探索式学习和利用式学习两个维度；创业能力包含机会相关能力和管理相关能

力两个维度。其次，回顾已有研究的基础上分析影响机理，并提出理论模型和研

究假设。再次，在已有量表的基础上设计了调查问卷，并结合专家、创业者以及

问卷预调查的结果对问卷进行了反复推敲和修改。接下来在进行大规模的问卷调

查之后，搜集了 375 份有效问卷，运用独立样本 T检验、方差分析检验了控制变

量对学习模式、创业能力的影响，运用相关分析、回归分析检验了先前经验各维

度对创业能力的影响，以及学习模式的调节作用。最终得出如下主要结论：

第一，年龄、受教育水平以及创业产业等控制变量对创业能力有影响。与年

龄较低的创业者相比，年龄较大的创业者表现出更强的创业能力；与受教育水平

较低的创业者相比，受教育水平较高的创业者表现出更强的创业能力；与非商贸

服务业的创业者相比，商贸服务业的创业者表现出更强的创业能力。

第二，先前经验对创业能力具有正向影响。创业经验多样性、行业经验多样

性、职能经验多样性、创业经验相关性、行业经验相关性以及职能相关性对机会

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

相关能力均具有正向影响；创业经验相关性、行业经验相关性以及职能经验相关

性对管理相关能力均具有正向影响。

第三，学习模式对先前经验与创业能力的关系起调节作用。探索式学习对创

业经验多样性和机会相关能力的关系起正向调节作用；探索式学习对行业经验多

样性和机会相关能力的关系起正向调节作用；探索式学习对行业经验多样性和管

理相关能力的关系起正向调节作用；探索式学习对职能经验多样性和管理相关能

力的关系起正向调节作用；利用式学习对行业经验相关性和机会相关能力的关系

起正向调节作用；利用式学习对职能经验相关性和机会相关能力的关系起正向调

节作用。利用式学习对创业经验相关性和管理相关能力的关系起正向调节作用；

利用式学习对行业经验相关性和管理相关能力的关系起正向调节作用；利用式学

习对职能经验相关性和管理相关能力的关系起正向调节作用。

根据以上研究结论，结合创业实践，针对创业者和潜在创业者、政府以及高

校等相关机构提出如下建议：首先，反复创业者和潜在创业者应关注自身学习模

式，储备高质量的多样化经验以及创业相关的经验，同时注重将自身的学习模式

与经验储备相匹配。对于探索式学习较强的创业者，在创业前可以注重积累多种

不同类型的创业经验、行业经验和职能经验；对于利用式学习较强的创业者，在

创业前可以注重积累与创业较为相关的创业经验、行业经验和职能经验。其次，

政府以及相关的创业管理机构应倡导理性创业，宣传经验储备的重要性，呼吁关

注创业者学习模式，并为创业者增强经验积累、提升创业能力提供政策支持。最

后，高校以及创业培训机构应注重开发与创业实践更为紧密结合的创业培训课程

和创业教育课程，关注创业培训、创业教育的后续影响，切实地将创业教育的成

果转化到创业能力和创业绩效地提升中。

关键词：先前经验；学习模式；探索式学习；利用式学习；创业能力

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

III

ABSTRACT

The dynamic entrepreneurial activity, high entrepreneurial venture close rate and

low entrepreneurial competence have become the the current situations of

entrepreneurship in China. Entrepreneurial competence has become one of the most

important factors that affect the entrepreneurial success. How to improve the

entrepreneurial competence has becoming the entrepreneurship practice problems that

need to be solved urgently. In entrepreneurship practice, improving the entrepreneurial

competence through the accumulation of all sorts of working experience and

entrepreneurial experience is the mainstream view of the public. It also plays important

role in guiding the entrepreneurship practice.In entrepreneurship research field, the

scholars regard the experience learning as the key to the entrepreneurial learning.

Entrepreneurs change the entrepreneurial knowledge, competence, performance through

learning from prior experience. Prior experience influences the entrepreneurial

knowledge, competence and performance. However, there are some scholars also hold

the view that entrepreneurial learning research is still in its early stage, and lack of

related empirical research especially. Current studies pay so much attention to the

effects that prior experience affects the entrepreneurial performance, while

entrepreneurial competence as one of the factors which impacted more directly by the

prior experience, far from obtaining enough consideration. In addition, academic circles

lack of the related research about in what way prior experience affect the

entrepreneurial competence, and what factors influence the relationship between them.

Therefore, this study take the entrepreneurs with the prior working experience or prior

entrepreneurial experience as the respondents, take the early-stage of new enterprise as

the research scene, study the effects that prior experience influences the entrepreneurial

competence, and test the moderator effect of the learning patterns finally.

The research mainly adopts the literature study method and questionnaire method,

and completes the following several aspects jobs. Firstly, puts forward prior experience

containing six dimensions, namely the diversity of entrepreneurial experience, diversity

of industry experience, diversity of function experience, relevance of entrepreneurial

experience, relevance of industry experience and relevance of function

experience.Learning patterns containing two dimensions, namely explorative learning

and exploitative learning. Entrepreneurial competence containing two dimensions,

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

namely opportunities related competence and management related competence.

Secondly, propose the theory model and research hypotheses based on the existing

researches. Thirdly, design the questionnaire based on the existing scale and revise the

accomplished questionnaire based on experts and entrepreneurs’ advises, and the results

of the preliminary investigation. Forthly, conduct questionnaire survey on a large scale,

and collect 375 valid questionnaires. After that, test the effects that control variables

impact learning patterns and entrepreneurial competence through the Independent -

Sample T Test and One-way ANOVA. Test the effects that all dimensions of prior

experience influences the entrepreneurial competence and the moderator effect of the

learning patterns through Correlation Analysis and Regression Analysis. Finally, draw

the conclusions as follows:

Firstly, control variables such as the age, the education level and entrepreneurial

industry have impact on entrepreneurial competence. Compared with the younger

entrepreneurs, the older entrepreneurs have stronger entrepreneurial competence.

Compared with the lower education level entrepreneurs, the higher education level

entrepreneurs have stronger entrepreneurial competence. Compared with the non

business service industry entrepreneurs, the business service industry entrepreneurs

have stronger entrepreneurial competence.

Secondly, prior experience has positive influence on entrepreneurial

competence.All dimensions of prior experience have positive influence on the

opportunities related competence. Relevance of entrepreneurial experience, relevance of

industry experience and relevance of function experience have positive influence on the

management related competence.

Thirdly, the learning patterns moderator the relationship between prior experience

and entrepreneurial competence. Explorative learning moderator the relationship

between diversity of entrepreneurial experience and opportunities related competence.

Explorative learning moderator the relationship between diversity of industry

experience and opportunities related competence.Explorative learning moderator the

relationship between diversityof industry experience and management related

competence. Explorative learning moderator the relationship between diversity of

function experience and management related competence. Exploitive learning

moderator the relationship between relevance of industry experience and opportunities

related competence. Exploitative learning moderator the relationship between relevance

of function experience and opportunities related competence. Exploitative learning

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

moderator the relationship between relevance of entrepreneurial experience and

management related competence. Exploitative learning moderator the relationship

between relevance of industry experience and management related competence.

Exploitative learning moderator the relationship between relevance of function

experience and management related competence.

On the basis of the research conclusion above, the study put forward some

suggestions for the entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs, government, colleges and

other related institutions as follows: firstly, habitual entrepreneurs and potential

entrepreneurs should make sure the learning patterns of themselves, pay attention to

reserve high quality diversified experience, entrepreneurial related experience, and

match the experience with the learning patterns simultaneously. For the high level

explorative learning entrepreneurs, it is crucial to accumulate many different types of

entrepreneurial experience, industry experience and function experience prior to the

entrepreneurship. For the high level exploitative learning entrepreneurs, it is vital to

accumulate more relevant entrepreneurial experience, industry experience and function

experience prior to the entrepreneurship. Secondly, the government and related

entrepreneurial management agencies should advocate rational entrepreneurship,

publicize the importance to reserve experience, and provide policy support at the same

time. Finally, universities and business training institutions should pay attention to

develop more training and education courses combining with the entrepreneurship

practice closely. What’s more, they should pay attention to the follow-up effect of the

training and education courses, and turn the education results into the actual

entrepreneurial competence enhancing.

Keywords: prior experience; learning patterns; explorative learning; exploitative

learning; entrepreneurial competence

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

第1章绪论 .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 研究背景............................................................................................................... 1

1.2 问题的提出........................................................................................................... 2

1.3 研究目的............................................................................................................... 2

1.4 研究意义............................................................................................................... 3

1.5 研究方法............................................................................................................... 3

1.6 研究思路与创新点............................................................................................... 4

1.6.1 研究思路 ........................................................................................................ 4

1.6.2 研究创新点 .................................................................................................... 5

第2章文献综述 ............................................................................................................ 7

2.1 创业者学习研究................................................................................................... 7

2.1.1 创业者学习概念 ............................................................................................ 7

2.1.2 创业学习理论模型 ........................................................................................ 9

2.1.3 创业者学习模式——探索式学习和利用式学习 ...................................... 11

2.2 先前经验研究..................................................................................................... 14

2.2.1 先前经验概念和分类 .................................................................................. 14

2.2.2 先前经验研究进展 ...................................................................................... 15

2.3 创业能力研究..................................................................................................... 17

2.3.1 创业能力概念 .............................................................................................. 17

2.3.2 创业能力维度 .............................................................................................. 18

2.3.3 创业能力研究进展 ...................................................................................... 19

2.4 文献总结............................................................................................................. 20

第3章研究模型与研究假设 ...................................................................................... 22

3.1 研究模型............................................................................................................. 22

3.2 变量的定义......................................................................................................... 23

3.3 研究假设............................................................................................................. 24

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

VII

3.3.1 先前经验与创业能力关系 .......................................................................... 24

3.3.2 学习模式调节作用 ...................................................................................... 27

第4章问卷设计与数据收集 ...................................................................................... 30

4.1 研究变量测量..................................................................................................... 30

4.1.1 先前经验的测量 .......................................................................................... 30

4.1.2 创业能力的测量 .......................................................................................... 31

4.1.3 学习模式的测量 .......................................................................................... 32

4.1.4 控制变量 ...................................................................................................... 33

4.2 问卷设计............................................................................................................. 33

4.3 数据收集与预调查............................................................................................. 34

4.3.1 数据收集 ...................................................................................................... 34

4.3.2 预调查 .......................................................................................................... 35

第5章数据处理与分析 .............................................................................................. 40

5.1 样本特征描述统计............................................................................................. 40

5.2 信度分析............................................................................................................. 41

5.3 效度分析............................................................................................................. 42

5.3.1 先前经验效度分析 ...................................................................................... 42

5.3.2 学习模式效度分析 ...................................................................................... 43

5.3.3 创业能力效度分析 ...................................................................................... 44

5.4 控制变量对学习模式和创业能力的影响......................................................... 45

5.4.1 性别对学习模式和创业能力的影响 .......................................................... 45

5.4.2 本次创业时的年龄对学习模式和创业能力的影响 .................................. 46

5.4.3 本次创业时的受教育水平对学习模式和创业能力的影响 ...................... 47

5.4.4 本次创业年限对学习模式和创业能力的影响 .......................................... 48

5.4.5 本次创业产业对学习模式和创业能力的影响 .......................................... 48

5.5 研究变量的相关分析与回归分析..................................................................... 50

5.5.1 先前经验、学习模式和创业能力的相关分析 .......................................... 50

5.5.2 先前经验、学习模式和创业能力的回归分析 .......................................... 50

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

VIII

5.6 学习模式的调节作用分析................................................................................. 56

5.6.1 探索式学习对先前经验与创业能力关系的调节作用.............................. 57

5.6.2 利用式学习对先前经验与创业能力关系的调节作用.............................. 65

5.7 研究结果汇总..................................................................................................... 74

第6章研究总结 .......................................................................................................... 76

6.1 研究结论............................................................................................................. 76

6.1.1 控制变量影响讨论 ...................................................................................... 76

6.1.2 各研究变量影响讨论 .................................................................................. 77

6.1.3 结论 .............................................................................................................. 81

6.2 管理启示与建议................................................................................................. 82

6.3 研究局限与展望................................................................................................. 85

6.3.1 研究局限 ...................................................................................................... 85

6.3.2 研究展望 ...................................................................................................... 86

参考文献 ........................................................................................................................ 87

附录一调查问卷 .......................................................................................................... 95

附录二硕士在读期间参加的科研项目及发表的学术论文 ...................................... 98

致谢 ................................................................................................................................ 99

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

表目录

表 2-1 创业者分类及其概念.................................................................................. 8

表 2-2 创业能力维度划分.................................................................................... 18

表 3-1 各研究变量的概念.................................................................................... 24

表 4-1 先前经验测量问项.................................................................................... 31

表 4-2 创业能力测量问项.................................................................................... 32

表 4-3 学习模式测量问项.................................................................................... 33

表 4-4 创业经验多样性的信度检验和CITC分析............................................... 36

表 4-5 创业经验相关性的信度检验和CITC分析............................................... 36

表 4-6 职能经验多样性的信度检验和CITC分析............................................... 36

表 4-7 职能经验相关性的信度检验和CITC分析............................................... 37

表 4-8 行业经验多样性的信度检验和CITC分析............................................... 37

表 4-9 行业经验相关性的信度检验和CITC分析............................................... 37

表 4-10 探索式学习的信度检验和CITC分析..................................................... 38

表 4-11 利用式学习的信度检验和CITC分析..................................................... 38

表 4-12 机会相关能力的信度检验和CITC分析................................................. 38

表 4-13 管理相关能力的信度检验和CITC分析................................................. 39

表 5-1 样本基本情况表........................................................................................ 40

表 5-2 样本统计信息............................................................................................ 41

表 5-3 各研究变量信度分析................................................................................ 42

表 5-4 先前经验KMO检验和Bartlett球形检验 .................................................. 42

表 5-5 先前经验的因子分析摘要........................................................................ 43

表 5-6 学习模式的KMO检验和Bartlett球形检验 .............................................. 44

表 5-7 学习模式的因子分析摘要........................................................................ 44

表 5-8 创业能力的KMO检验和Bartlett球形检验 .............................................. 44

表 5-9 创业能力的因子分析摘要........................................................................ 45

表 5-10 不同性别创业者学习模式、创业能力的独立样本T检验摘要 ........... 45

表 5-11 不同年龄段创业者学习模式、创业能力的单因素方差分析.............. 46

表 5-12 不同年龄段创业者创业能力的多重比较分析...................................... 46

表 5-13 不同受教育水平创业者学习模式、创业能力的单因素方差分析...... 47

表 5-14 不同受教育水平创业者学习模式、创业能力的多重比较分析.......... 48

表 5-15 不同创业年限创业者学习模式、创业能力的单因素方差分析.......... 48

表 5-16 不同创业产业创业者学习模式、创业能力的单因素方差分析.......... 49

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

表 5-17 不同创业产业创业者创业能力的多重比较分析.................................. 49

表 5-18 先前经验、学习模式和创业能力的皮尔逊相关系数.......................... 50

表 5-19 先前经验各维度和创业能力各维度的皮尔逊相关系数...................... 50

表 5-20 学习模式各维度和创业能力各维度的皮尔逊相关系数...................... 50

表 5-21 各控制变量对机会相关能力的回归分析摘要...................................... 52

表 5-22 各控制变量对管理相关能力的回归分析摘要...................................... 53

表 5-23 先前经验对创业能力的回归分析摘要.................................................. 54

表 5-24 先前经验各维度对机会相关能力的回归分析摘要.............................. 55

表 5-25 先前经验各维度对管理相关能力的回归分析摘要.............................. 56

表 5-26 探索式学习调节作用（Ed-Jh）分析摘要 ............................................ 57

表 5-27 探索式学习调节作用（Id-Jh）分析摘要.............................................. 59

表 5-28 探索式学习调节作用（Wd-Jh）分析摘要 ........................................... 60

表 5-29 探索式学习调节作用（Ed-Gl）分析摘要 ............................................ 62

表 5-30 探索式学习调节作用（Id-Gl）分析摘要 ............................................. 63

表 5-31 探索式学习调节作用（Wd-Gl）分析摘要........................................... 64

表 5-32 利用式学习调节作用（Ex-Jh）分析摘要 ............................................ 66

表 5-33 利用式学习调节作用（Ix-Jh）分析摘要.............................................. 67

表 5-34 利用式学习调节作用（Wx-Jh）分析摘要 ........................................... 68

表 5-35 利用式学习调节作用（Ex-Gl）分析摘要 ............................................ 70

表 5-36 利用式学习调节作用（Ix-Gl）分析摘要 ............................................. 71

表 5-37 利用式学习调节作用（Wx-Gl）分析摘要........................................... 73

表 5-38 研究假设验证结果.................................................................................. 75

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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文I摘要创业活动活跃、创业企业关闭率较高以及创业者创业能力普遍偏低已成为中国的创业现状。创业能力成为影响创业成功的一个重要因素，如何提升创业能力成为创业实践亟待解决的问题。现实中，创业前积累各种工作经验、创业经验，增强个体创业能力，提升创业成功率已经成为一种社会大众的主流观点，对创业实践具有重要的指导作用。在创业研究领域，学者们认为经验学习是创业学习的关键。创业者通过对先前经验进行学习，改变创业知识、能力和绩效。先前经验对创业知识、创业能力以及创业绩效具有重要的影响。已有研究多关注于先前经验对创业绩效的影响，而创业能力作为先前经验和创业绩效间受先前经验影响更为直接的一个因...

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创业者先前经验、学习模式对创业能力的影响研究.pdf

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创业者先前经验、学习模式对创业能力的影响研究

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