操纵论视阈下的辜鸿铭《论语》英译研究

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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

III

摘要

19 世纪末，西方列强以“启蒙”为名入侵中国。同时，由于对中国的偏见以

及自身的民族优越感，一些西方汉学家和翻译家歪曲中国人民的形象，他们翻译

和撰写的有关中国文化的译著与作品造成广大西方读者对中国的误解。

辜鸿铭，清末民初著名学者、翻译家，世人视之“文化怪杰”。辜氏决心要向

西方读者展示真正的中国文明及其价值，以获得他们对中国文明的理解与尊重。

因此，他选取最能代表中国人民智慧的儒经作为翻译对象。1898 年，辜氏英译《论

语》由别发洋行在上海出版发行。他希望受过良好教育的睿智的西方读者在阅完

此书之后，能消除对中国的偏见，并且改变对中国的消极看法。考虑到辜氏在近

代社会以及在中外文化交流史的特殊地位，辜氏英译《论语》非常值得研究。

本文基于 Lefevere 的操纵理论，将辜氏译本置于特定的历史语境，分析意

识形态、诗学及赞助人三因素对他的操纵，解读他为实现翻译目的对原文进行大

胆改写的行为，解释了身在一定社会、文化环境中的译者在译介过程中受三要素

操纵的同时，也改写、操纵原文，使其与他所处的社会和时期的主流意识形态和

诗学形态相符。

为了使英语读者能够最大化地接受译文，辜氏大胆采用多种翻译策略对原文

进行改写，去迎合读者的期待视阈，如援引西人言论、删减人名地名和类比中西

文化等。由于符合英语国家的主流意识形态及诗学，辜氏译本较好地被西方社会

所接受，一定程度上有效地宣扬了中华文明，并为中国在当时丧权辱国的情况下，

赢得了国际话语权。

关键词：辜鸿铭；《论语》；操纵论；英译

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1

Chapter 1 Literature Review...................................................................................... 4

1.1 Previous Studies on Ku Hung-ming’s Translation of the Confucian Classics.. 4

1.2 Previous Studies on Translation of Lun Yu....................................................... 6

Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................... 10

2.1 General Overview of Polysystem Theory ......................................................10

2.2 Lefevere’s Manipulation Theory .................................................................... 12

Chapter 3 Ku Hung-ming and his Translation....................................................... 18

3.1 Ku Hung-ming as a Scholar ...........................................................................18

3.2 Ku Hung-ming as a Translator ....................................................................... 21

Chapter 4 Analysis of Ku Hung-ming’s Translation of The Discourses and Sayings

of Confucius................................................................................................................ 25

4.1 Ideology and Ku Hung-ming’s Translation.................................................... 25

4.2 Poetics and Ku Hung-ming’s Translation....................................................... 29

4.3 Patronage and Ku Hung-ming’s Translation .................................................. 39

Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 42

Bibliography............................................................................................................... 44

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

Introduction

1. Significance of the Research

Belgium-born American translation theorist Andre Lefevere theorized translation

as a form of rewriting produced and analyzed from the perspectives of ideological and

political limits within the target language cultural system. He proposes that translators

in a given culture and society manipulated by three factors usually rewrite and

manipulate the original text. This theory has initiated a new way of translation study.

Ku Hung-ming is known as the maverick genius, distinguished scholar and

celebrated translator during the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. He

himself was determined to translate Confucianism, which best represented the wisdom

of the Chinese people, into English, in order to renew the image of China in the

westerners’ mind and make them rethink their relationships with China. The year of

1898 witnessed the publication of his English translation The Discourses and Sayings of

Confucius: A New Special Translation Illustrated by Goethe and Other European

Writers (hereinafter referred to as The Discourses and Sayings of Confucius) by Kelly

and Walsh, Ltd., a Shanghai-based publisher. His translation is suitable to the dominant

ideology and poetics in western countries, which makes it very popular with the western

readers. Moreover, it transfers the Chinese culture to the foreigners, and wins the power

of discourse in the world in the late 19th century.

From the 1920s to the 1980s, many researches focused on his life experiences,

social activities and cultural thoughts. Lin Yutang regarded Ku Hung-ming’s translation

as faithful and creative, serving as a bridge between China and the western countries.

Other experts, like Wang Guowei, argued that, in terms of content and form, Ku

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

Hung-ming’s version was not faithful to the original text at all. Till now, there still exist

many disputes over Ku Hung-ming’s translation.

Considering his special position both in the contemporary society and in the

history of cultural exchange between China and the western countries, Ku Hung-ming’s

translation of The Discourses and Sayings of Confucius is well worth researching.

Hence, based on the Manipulation Theory, the present author determines to analyze the

influence of ideology, poetics and patronage on Ku Hung-Ming and why he adopts so

many various translation strategies when he endeavors to realize his translation purpose.

2. Research Difficulties and Solutions

Indeed, the difficulties in this study can be manifested in the following two aspects:

1) Although there are a few researches on Ku Hung-ming’s translation and his

translation of The Discourses and Sayings of Confucius, they are mainly carried out at

the lexical level or the translator’s personal experiences and achievements. Very few

previous researches about The Discourses and Sayings of Confucius are conducted from

the perspective of Manipulation Theory, thus making it hard for the present author to

gain access to the related books and articles regarding the present study.

2) To make a study of Ku Hung-ming’s translation from the perspective of

Manipulation Theory, we have to take into consideration many aspects, such as political,

social and cultural aspects, which seems to be rather complicated.

The present author has spared no effort to solve the two difficulties. About the first

one, the author endeavors to learn from other researches as much as possible and tries to

make a comparative analysis between the source and target texts by quoting a great

number of examples. As for the second one, we have to equip ourselves with knowledge

and information by reading more books related to this topic, including Ku Hung-ming’s

biographies, historical and political books about the period between the late Qing

Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

3. Organization of the Thesis

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

This thesis studies Ku Hung-ming’s translation The Discourses and Sayings of

Confucius published by Kelly and Walsh, Ltd. in 1898 from the perspective of

manipulation theory. Besides, it attempts to analyze the influence of ideology, poetics

and patronage on Ku and the translation strategies he adopted.

Besides Introduction and Conclusion, this thesis consists of four chapters.

Introduction is composed of the significance of the research, research difficulties and

solutions, as well as the organization of the thesis. Chapter One is the literature review

on Ku Hung-ming’s Translation of the Confucian Classics and the Translation of Lun Yu.

Chapter Two is the theoretical framework of the present research, giving a brief account

of the Manipulation Theory. Chapter Three includes a study of Ku Hung-ming and an

analysis of his translation thoughts. Chapter Four is the main body, which researches Ku

Hung-ming’s translation of The Discourses and Sayings of Confucius based on the

Manipulation Theory in depth. In Conclusion, this thesis summarizes the study, points

out the limitations of the study and gives suggestions for further research.

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摘要：

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文III摘要19世纪末，西方列强以“启蒙”为名入侵中国。同时，由于对中国的偏见以及自身的民族优越感，一些西方汉学家和翻译家歪曲中国人民的形象，他们翻译和撰写的有关中国文化的译著与作品造成广大西方读者对中国的误解。辜鸿铭，清末民初著名学者、翻译家，世人视之“文化怪杰”。辜氏决心要向西方读者展示真正的中国文明及其价值，以获得他们对中国文明的理解与尊重。因此，他选取最能代表中国人民智慧的儒经作为翻译对象。1898年，辜氏英译《论语》由别发洋行在上海出版发行。他希望受过良好教育的睿智的西方读者在阅完此书之后，能消除对中国的偏见，并且改变对中国的消极看法。考虑到辜氏在近代社会以及在...

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