爱比克泰德伦理思想解析

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3.0 周伟光 2024-09-29 4 4 544.95KB 48 页 15积分

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

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摘要

随着中国经济的发展，人们对幸福的关注也越来越多。然而，物质产品的丰富

并没有带来人们幸福指数持续地上升，这需要我们对幸福问题进行反思。希腊化时

代的社会背景与中国当代社会有某种程度的相似性，人更多地作为孤立个体而存在。

因此，个人如何生活得更好是现时代人们思考的主题。爱比克泰德是一位罗马斯多

亚派哲学家，他认为自由在于人的内心，只有在心灵的领域内，人才有绝对的信心，

在这里人们能够找到真正的幸福。他还强调个人与社会的联系，主张自爱以普爱为

基础，人履行社会职责是必须的。本文力图通过研究爱比克泰德的伦理思想，尝试

对幸福问题做进一步思考。

爱比克泰德承袭了早期斯多亚派的一些观点，比如美德的实践性、神学思想、

宇宙的整体性，这些观点一部分得益于犬儒派，一部分得益于柏拉图、亚里士多德

等人。但从根本上看，它们都可以追溯到苏格拉底，所以爱比克泰德的伦理思想可

以看作是对苏格拉底思想的延续。爱比克泰德认为，宇宙万物的规则运行体现着理

性的作用，遵循这种理性规则，人就有美德。更进一步，他提出人人都有神性，我

们努力模仿神，理性能力就不断完善，自由和幸福便可以获得。

关于达致自由和幸福的方法，爱比克泰德也有独到的见解。他首先以内心是否

能够完全起作用为标准，将事物区分成属己之物和属他之物。他认为前者对应人的

理性，其中的意愿与善恶有关，意愿正确了，人才可能恰当处置外在事物。外在事

物在人脑中的反映形成感觉印象，一旦印象符合意愿，行为冲动就会产生，“同意判

断”作为行为冲动和行为实现之间的看门人，把握着选择或拒绝的权利。所以爱比

克泰德便引申出来心灵修炼的三个方面：意愿、冲动和同意判断。

如果人们始终能够在以上三方面训练，心灵就会归于安宁和平静，这正是自爱

的表现。但一个人只关心自己的好还不够，他还要关注他人的好，这是因为人的社

会属性。爱比克泰德提出，神为我们规定了一个原则，即每个人只有先为他人付出，

对整体有贡献，才可以得到自己欲求的好，这是人的社会职责。履行自己的责任，

实现自身的善，自爱和爱他就得以协调。

爱比克泰德的伦理思想重视人的内心安全，并且把自利和利他有机结合起来，

这是其合理性。但局限性在于有把漠视物质推向极端的可能，况且无条件地履行社

会责任着实也有些理想化。爱比克泰德伦理思想的启示是：其一，注重人的物质利

益和精神需求的统一；其二，理智处事才可以使自我身心协调；其三，自爱以利他

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

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为前提，只有先爱他人，才可以实现自爱。

关键词：爱比克泰德；自由；理性；心灵修炼；自爱

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

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III

ABSTRACT

Chinese economy develops fast, then people care more and more about happiness.

The flourish of materials didn't highly improve our sense of happiness. So we should

reflect on what is true happiness. Hellenistic times is a little bit same as nowdays, people

feel lonely.How to live a better life is the theme that people think. Epictetus was a Roman

Stoic, he insisted freedom lie in one's mind, only in that area, can a man have real

confidence and find true hapiness. He also believed that love others is the foundation of

self-concern, we must perform our social responsibility. By the study on Epictetus'

thoughts, I aims at making further reflection on happiness.

Epictetus followed some ideas of earlier Stoics, for example: virtue needs to be

practiced, universe is a whole. These ideas came from the Cynics, and also from Plato and

Aristotle. But by further research, they were all traced back to Socrates. Epictetus believed

that all things goes in order because of rationality existed in the universe. Anyone who

follows it can have virtue. Further more, he suggested to imitate God. By doing so, our

rationality will be perfect, then we can get freedom and happiness.

With respect to the way to get freedom and happiness, Epictetus has his own insights.

He first divided things into two: up to us or not. Our mind can operate on the fomer totally.

In essence, the former are relate to reasoning faculty. Among it, volition is connected with

good or bad. If our volition is correct, we can deal with externals properly. Impressions

were made by externals in one's brain, when they meet the requirements of volition, there

will be impulse, then actions occur. Assent is the key from impulse to an action. It is the

last step to make sure an action is proper. It will make us choose an action or not. So,

Epictetus argued that there are three areas of study: volition, impulse and assent.

If one follows these exercises or disciplines in his life, he will attain tranquility or

peace, he comes to concern himself. But a person shouldn't concern his own goodness

only, he has to show care about others. Epictetus explained the reason: everyone is a part

of the world, by contributing to the public good first, one may have his private interest,

this is the order of God. Conduct our social roles and duty, then self-concern is in

concordance with social love.

I think Epictetus' ethical thoughts emphasize mental security, combine self-concern

with social love, these are the excellence. But the limitations are: the attitude that take

externals as indifferent may go to the extreme as Cynics, furthermore, perform our social

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

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duty unconditionally seems a little bit idealized and be difficult to achieve. From Epictetus,

I get these revelations: first, we have material interests and spiritual needs, we should

integrate them well. Second, act rationally, then body may in harmony with mind. Third,

social love is the foundation of self-concern, only after we give, can we get what we want.

Keywords: Epictetus; freedom; rationality; exercises on soul; self-concern

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

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第一章绪论………………………………………………………………………1

第一节问题的提出……………………………………………………………1

第二节国内外研究现状综述…………………………………………………2

第三节论文的写作思路和结构………………………………………………4

第二章爱比克泰德及其对斯多亚派的继承………………………………………7

第一节爱比克泰德简介………………………………………………………7

第二节苏格拉底思想的影响…………………………………………………9

第三节斯多亚派自然神论的渊源及其对爱比克泰德的影响………………12

第四节斯多亚派人性论的渊源及其对爱比克泰德的影响…………………15

第三章爱比克泰德伦理学说的出发点……………………………………………18

第一节辨别两类事物…………………………………………………………18

第二节善和恶…………………………………………………………………20

第四章爱比克泰德伦理学说的主体内容…………………………………………23

第一节行为产生的心理机制…………………………………………………23

第二节理性对印象的恰当运用………………………………………………25

第三节心灵修炼的三个方面…………………………………………………29

第四节自爱到普爱的跨越……………………………………………………31

第五章爱比克泰德伦理学说的评价及其启示……………………………………36

第一节爱比克泰德伦理学说的评价…………………………………………36

第二节爱比克泰德伦理学说的启示…………………………………………38

结语…………………………………………………………………………………41

参考文献………………………………………………………………………………42

附录…………………………………………………………………………………44

致谢…………………………………………………………………………………45

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摘要：

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I摘要随着中国经济的发展，人们对幸福的关注也越来越多。然而，物质产品的丰富并没有带来人们幸福指数持续地上升，这需要我们对幸福问题进行反思。希腊化时代的社会背景与中国当代社会有某种程度的相似性，人更多地作为孤立个体而存在。因此，个人如何生活得更好是现时代人们思考的主题。爱比克泰德是一位罗...

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