我国教育福利制度的现状和改革研究

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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

摘要

新中国成立后，尤其是改革开放以来，我国教育福利事业得到了长足的发展。

党和国家历来十分重视教育事业，坚持教育优先发展，教育福利体系逐步发展和

完善，各级各类教育普及水平大幅度提高，人民群众受教育程度得到显著提升，

教育公平迈出了重大步伐。2005 年我国 15-24 岁青年人的识字率已经达到近 99%

的水平，并超过了中等收入国家平均水平 2个百分点。截止到 2010 年底，“两基”

人口的覆盖率达到了 100%，各阶段的毛入学率都呈上升的态势。但是在正规教育

快速发展的背后，一部分地区农村“撤点并校”带来的学生上学难问题、频发的

校车安全事故、流动人口子女就学难问题以及地区间高考不公等问题都在不同层

面折射出我国现有教育福利存在的问题。这些问题对家庭、社会公平以及整个国

家的竞争力都有深刻的影响，因而有必要对我国教育福利的发展进行全面的反思，

并寻找解决这些问题的办法措施。

现有文献对于我国教育福利的研究，大多集中在特殊群体教育福利、农村教

育福利或者是义务教育福利、教育救助等教育福利的某个模块，缺少从整体上对

我国教育福利制度进行深入的系统研究。在对既有文献进行深入分析和总结的基

础上，本文依据教育公平等理论全面反思我国教育福利存在的问题，并指出了这

些问题给我国社会带来的不良影响，最后提出建设符合我国国情和教育福利发展

趋势的新型教育福利体系的基本思路。全文的主要内容包括：

首先，依据社会福利理论厘定了教育福利的概念和类型，以区分以往的“教

育救助”、“教育保障”等概念。并且充分肯定了教育福利对解决就业结构性失衡、

增进社会公平和促进社会合理流动的积极作用。在对中国教育福利的发展变迁和

国外教育福利发展的实践经验加以梳理后，总结并提出了现代教育福利的发展趋

势。

其次，对比国外教育福利政策，说明我国教育福利总体发展滞后的问题；并

采用大量统计数据来论证：教育福利在城乡、校际和地区间分配的非公平性表现，

教育福利在不同教育阶段的投入结构不合理甚至缺失，以及教育福利受到过度市

场化冲击等问题。还首次从社会、家庭、教育竞争力三个角度来分析现有教育福

利问题所带来的不良影响，具体表现在：扩大社会阶层间差距，带来社会不公；

增加家庭负担，减少家庭购买量；制约正规教育发展水平，影响教育竞争力。这

正是改革现有教育福利制度的必要性。

最后，在充分考虑我国国情和国内外发展教育福利的实践经验后，基于保障

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

公民基本受教育权利和实现全体公民平等享有高水平的教育福利这一目标定位，

提出了一个以免费基础教育和低收费高等教育为主体，公益性的特殊教育为补充

的新型教育福利体系的目标模式，具体包括：学前教育的支持、义务教育完全福

利化、公办高中免费教育、低费的高等教育以及特殊教育津贴这五项内容。并且

从思想观念、财政支撑、教育政策和立法支持四个方面提出实现这一目标模式的

配套改革措施。以期通过这样一种四位联动的方式来解决现有教育福利制度存在

的问题，确保新型教育福利体系有效落实。

关键词：中国；教育福利；受教育权利；公平

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

III

ABSTRACT

Since the founding of New China, especially in the last 30 years, China’s education

welfare has been considerably developed. The literacy rate of young people aged 15 to

24 has reached a level of nearly 99% which is 2% more than the average middle-income

countries. By the end of 2010, the coverage for nine-year compulsory and literacy rate

has both achieved around 100%. At the same time, the gross enrollment rate of each

education stage is tending to rise. However, it is accompanied by the problems such as

the difficulty to bring students to school, frequent school bus safety incidents, schooling

difficult of migrant children, as well as the college entrance inequality between regions.

All of these problems reflect the existing problems of China’s education system from

different aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive reflection of the

development of China’s education and welfare, in order to find a way to solve these

problems.

Existing literature for the study of China’s education and welfare mostly

concentrated on a special group, rural or education benefits, or a part and a link of the

system, and lack of the systematically study. Based on in-depth analysis of the existing

literature, this paper fully rethinks the problems of China’s education and welfare

system in accordance with the theory of educational equity, and proposed the building

of the basic idea of the new education welfare system in line with China’s national

conditions and the development of education and welfare trends.

The main content of this article is as follows: Firstly, the paper makes clear the

concept of education benefits and its type (such as the concept of “education assistance”,

“education guarantee”) referring to social welfare theory and type. And it fully affirms

the social positive function of the education benefits, such as solving the employment

structural imbalance, promote social fairness and the rational social flow. In addition,

combing the Chinese and western education welfare development and practice

experience, the paper summaries and puts forward the development of modern

education benefits value orientation and basic characteristics. Secondly, with the due

value and features of modern education benefits, the paper indicates the main existing

problems of our country education benefits: the lag of the education welfare

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

development, the obvious unfairness treatment, the unreasonable education benefits

investment structures, and the problem of over marketization. The dissertation uses a lot

of statistical data to prove those problems. Furthermore, including the aspects of society,

family, and education competitiveness, the paper analyzes the adverse effects causing

from the existing education welfare issues. Those adverse effects mainly display in:

expanding the gap between social classes; to bring about social injustice; Increasing

family burden; reducing the amount of families’ purchases; restricting the level of

formal education development, and affecting education competitiveness. At last, taken

our national conditions and the practical experience of the domestic and international

development education welfare into account, a target mode of a new education and

welfare system is proposed, which is constituted with the main part of free basic

education and low-cost higher education and the supplement part of welfare of special

education, based on the target to protect the education right and to achieve a high level

welfare owned by all citizens equally, as well as the reform measures form ideas,

finacial support, education policy and legal support these four aspect to match the target

mode .Problems of the existing education benefits now is expected to be solved by a

pattern of four linkage, which can assure effective implementation of the new education

and welfare system.

Keywords: China; educational welfare; right to education; fairness

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

第一章引言......................................................... 1

第一节选题的背景和意义..........................................

第二节理论依据..................................................

第三节国内外研究综述............................................

第四节本文研究方法、基本思路、主要创新点与不足之处..............

第二章教育福利概述................................................. 8

第一节教育福利概念及类型........................................

第二节教育福利的功能...........................................

第三章中西方教育福利制度的发展及启示.............................. 14

第一节中国教育福利制度的发展变迁..............................

.14

第二节国外的教育福利制度.......................................

第三节现代教育福利的发展趋势...................................

第四章当前我国教育福利的主要问题.................................. 21

第一节教育福利总体发展滞后.....................................

第二节教育福利领域的非公平性明显...............................

第三节教育福利的投入结构不合理.................................

第四节教育福利受到教育过度市场化的冲击.........................

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

第五章教育福利问题的负面影响分析.................................. 32

第一节扩大社会阶层间差距.......................................

第二节增加家庭经济负担.........................................

第三节制约教育竞争力的提高.....................................

第六章新型教育福利体系的构建及配套改革............................ 39

第一节新型教育福利体系的构建...................................

第二节构建新型教育福利体系的配套改革...........................

结论................................................................ 5 0

参考文献............................................................ 5 1

附录．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．54

致谢..............................................................． 5 5

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摘要：

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文I摘要新中国成立后，尤其是改革开放以来，我国教育福利事业得到了长足的发展。党和国家历来十分重视教育事业，坚持教育优先发展，教育福利体系逐步发展和完善，各级各类教育普及水平大幅度提高，人民群众受教育程度得到显著提升，教育公平迈出了重大步伐。2005年我国15-24岁青年人的识字率已经达到近99%的水平，并超过了中等收入国家平均水平2个百分点。截止到2010年底，“两基”人口的覆盖率达到了100%，各阶段的毛入学率都呈上升的态势。但是在正规教育快速发展的背后，一部分地区农村“撤点并校”带来的学生上学难问题、频发的校车安全事故、流动人口子女就学难问题以及地区间高考不公等问题都...

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