政策调整视角下1959-1961年浙江省饥荒原因分析——基于阿马蒂亚•森饥荒理论的解释

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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

摘要

自人类文明孕育以来，饥荒就一直伴随着人类，时至今时今日，饥荒的威胁

也未曾真正消除，非洲、南亚、朝鲜等一些国家的部分人民仍然面临饥饿的威胁。

虽然导致饥荒的原因可能会有很多，战争、自然灾害或一些人为因素都可能导致

饥荒的发生,但忍受饥饿的受害者却是可以肯定的，是处于社会底层，权利最为缺

失的人民。为什么遭受饥荒影响的只是一部分人,而其他人却可以不受饥荒的威胁,

甚至还可以受益于饥荒？这是一个值得思量的问题。

中国1959-1961年饥荒是人类历史上死亡最惨重的一次饥荒，对这次饥荒的考

察研究对预防饥荒的再次发生有着极其重要的意义。学术界对于这次饥荒所造成

的非正常死亡人数，一直没有一个统一的数据，不同的学者也做出了不同的估计，

数值估计在1650万-4500万之间，而浙江省的非正常死亡人数笔者估计在100万左

右，相当于浙江省1962年总人口的4.8%。学术界对于中国1959-1961年饥荒产生的

原因和饥荒的分布，国内外这方面的研究也颇丰。各项学术研究的结果表示饥荒

发生的原因有：粮食总产量的下降，过高的征购率，城市偏向的粮食供应制度，

缺粮区偏向政策，政府激进主义、公共食堂，政府的救济不利等等。从中可以看

出，以上原因并非自然原因，而都是人为因素（激进政策）导致的。各项激进政

策之间是存在内在历史联系的,但是,各项激进政策对饥荒的作用机制是有所差异

的,在政治激进背景下综合考察各项具体政策对于饥荒的作用机制以及其相对重

要性, 具有现实可行性。尤其是透过这些激进政策探讨其根源有着重要的意义。

表面上看是各项政策导致饥荒的发生并呈现不同的分布，但是实质上不论是国家

高征购、城市偏向的粮食供给体制，还是强制性公共食堂制度，从本质上来说都

是政治激进主义在不同方面的表现。在这些激进政策的背后，是普通农民因食物

获取权的丧失，其食物获取权遭受国家、集体和乡村特权阶层的剥脱，导致饥荒

的发生。各项激进政策都是通过食物获取权这一中间变量作用于饥荒的，并非直

接作用于饥荒的。所以1959-1961年中国的大饥荒的原因是由于各项激进政策导致

农民食物获取权的失败，进而引致饥荒的发生。

因此本文以 1958 年-1961 年浙江省的数据与档案资料来分析研究中国大饥荒

时期各项具体政策对饥荒的作用机制及其相对重要性，以时间为主线，考察各项

政策在饥荒的发生后是如何做出调整的，调整之后又是怎样一种状况，并透过政

策的出台分析对公社社员食物索取权所产生的影响，最后运用阿玛蒂亚•森的饥荒

理论对其做出解释，并得出结论。具体来说，本文包括以下几个个部分：

一、1959-1961 年浙江省饥荒概况.本章主要根据一些档案资料和统计资料就

三年自然灾害时期浙江省的总体饥荒情况、持续的时间、饥荒在各市县的分布、

城市与农村的饥荒情况做一个概况。

二、本部分主要考察这三年来浙江省的政策调整与饥荒。本章是本文的重点，

主要是以时间为主线，将考察时期划分为四个阶段，考察各项激进政策的出台以

及出台之后所产生的影响，在饥荒爆发后，激进政策又是如何做出调整让步的，

调整之后的政策又是如何影响饥荒的。本章试图透过政策的出台与调整反复着重

分析政策对公社社员食物索取权所造成的影响。本章共分四节，第一节 1958 年的

政策调整与饥荒，本节主要写 1958 年人民公社成立后的政策调整以及这段时期浙

江农民食物获取权的变化；第二节 1959 年初到庐山会议之前的政策调整与饥荒；

第三节 1959 年 9 月-1960 年底的政策变动与饥荒；第四节 1961 年的政策调整与饥

荒的结束。

三、该部分主要是基于森饥荒理论对浙江省的饥荒做出解释分析。该第一节

阿马蒂亚•森的饥荒理论。本节主要介绍森的饥荒理论。第二节主要讨论森饥荒理

论在中国的适用性。第三节运用森饥荒理论对浙江省饥荒进行一个理论解释。政

策的调整反复影响着农民食物获取权，食物获取权的变化又会进一步影响农民可

消费的粮食量。

四、本章主要对于全文做出总结，在论述清楚政策反复是如何社员食物获取

权并对饥荒发生作用的基础上，并得出结论。本文欲通过研究表明, “大跃进”

运动时期农民权利的缺失是饥荒发生的直接因素，政策的变动是通过农民权利这

一中间变量而作用于饥荒的；保障社会底层人民的基本权利能够有效地预防饥荒

的再次发生；民主对于饥荒的预防有重要意义。

关键词：饥荒；政策调整；权利丧失；食物获取权

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

III

ABSTRACT

Since human civilization nurtured, the famine has been associated with humans,

when to today, the threat of famine never really eliminate some countries in Africa,

South Asia, North Korea, some people are still facing the threat of hunger was.

Although the cause of the famine, there may be a lot of war, natural disasters, or

man-made factors may lead to the occurrence of famine victims suffer from hunger is

certainly at the bottom of society, the rights of the most missing people. Why the famine

affected only part of the people, while others avoid the threat of famine, and can even

benefit from the famine?

China's 1959-1961 famine in human history, most death in a famine, for

non-normal deaths caused by the famine has not been a unified data, different scholars

have made different estimates, the value is estimated at 16.5 million -4500 million,

while non-normal deaths author of Zhejiang Province, is estimated at around one

million, the equivalent of Zhejiang Province in 1962, 4.8% of the total population.

Academia for the distribution of the causes and famine of 1959-1961 famine, domestic

and international research in this area is also quite good. The results of academic

research the causes of famine: the decline of the total grain output, the procurement rate

too high urban bias of the food supply system, food-deficit areas biased policies,

government radicalism, adverse public canteens, government relief and so on. As can be

seen from the above not because of natural causes, are human factors (radical policy)

result. The inherent link between the various radical policy However, the radical

policies of the famine mechanism is different, in a comprehensive survey of the specific

policies of the mechanism of action of the famine in the context of political radicalism

and their relative the importance of practical feasibility and significance of. In particular,

to investigate the root cause is essential through these radical policy.

In this paper, data and file data in Zhejiang Province in 1958 -1961 years to

analyze the mechanism of China during the Great Famine of the specific policies of the

famine and its relative importance, the main line time study various policies in famine

after is how to make adjustments, adjust and what kind of condition, and the impact

through the introduction of the policy analysis of the Communards food claims, and

finally use Amartya Sen's famine theory them make explanation. Specifically, this paper

includes the following sections:

Chapter II 1959-1962 Zhejiang Province famine overview chapter is mainly based

on some file data and statistics the overall famine situation in respect of the period of

three years of natural disasters in Zhejiang Province, the duration of the famine in the

distribution of the various cities and counties, cities and rural areas of famine situation

to do an overview.

Second, this section mainly on policy adjustments in the past three years, Zhejiang,

and famine. This chapter is the focus of this article, based on the time the main line of

the investigated period is divided into four stages, to examine the introduction of a

radical policy and after the introduction of the impact, after the outbreak of the famine,

the radical policies and how to make adjustments concessions, policy adjustment is how

it affects the famine. This chapter attempts to repeatedly focused on the analysis of

policy impact of the Communards food claims are caused through the introduction of

the policy adjustment. This chapter is divided into four sections, the first section the

wave of the Great Leap Forward, this section is mainly written policy adjustments at the

end of August 1958 -1958; Section II the famine after correcting left section to write the

end of 1958 -1959, the end of July ( correcting left), the anti-rightist Section III

expansion, this section write the anti-rightist September 1959 -1960 by the end of the

policy changes; retreat in the fourth quarter famine

Third, the part is based on the theory of Zhejiang Province famine Sen famine

explain. Amartya Sen's famine theory in the first section. This section focuses on Sen's

theory of famine. The second section focuses on the applicability of Sen famine theory.

Some scholars believe that the Mori theory is based on the market economy system, at a

time when China is the planned economic system, there is no market trade Sen

applicability of the theory in the study of China's great famine, Sen's famine theory does

not apply to China's great famine research. But China is a planned economic system

does not mean that Sen theory does not apply in China, the emergence of the commune

is the emergence of mandatory public canteens enabling farmers to complete loss of the

right of direct access to food, with the adjustment of the policy, however, with the

policy shift, freedom to participate in public canteens, private plots, farmers market

liberalization, farmers direct access to food rights and trading access to food is also

constantly change. Is not applicable to the key lies not in what kind of economic system,

but rather whether it has a right of access to food. Section III use Sen famine theory for

a theoretical explanation of Zhejiang Province famine. The policy adjustment repeatedly

affecting farmers' food to obtain the right to food to obtain the right to change will

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

further affect farmers the amount of food consumed.

This chapter For the full text of a Summary clear policy in discourse repeatedly

members on the basis of the right of access to food and famine, and concluded. This

article desire studies have shown that, in addition to the decline in food supply and high

food procurement, the lack of the "Great Leap Forward" Movement of Farmers' Rights

is another important causes of famine; democracy is important for the prevention of

famine;

Keywords: famine; policy adjustments; loss of rights; food right to access

第一章绪论 ......................................................... 1

第二章 1959-1961 年浙江省饥荒情况 .................................... 7

第一节浙江省饥荒持续的时间 ...................................... 7

第二节三年大饥荒时期浙江省粮食产量以及受灾情况 .................. 9

第三节不同地区对比 ............................................. 12

第三章 1959-1961 年浙江省的政策调整与饥荒 ........................... 14

第一节 1958 年的政策调整与饥荒 .................................. 14

第二节 1959 年初到庐山会议的政策调整与饥荒 ...................... 20

第三节庐山会议到 1960 年底的政策调整与饥荒 ...................... 24

第四节 1960 年底到 1961 年底的政策调整与饥荒 ..................... 26

第四章基于阿马蒂亚•森饥荒理论的解释 ............................... 32

第一节阿马蒂亚•森饥荒理论及其在中国的适用性 ....................... 32

第二节 1959-1961 年浙江省农民食物获取权失败分析 ................. 35

第五章结论 ........................................................ 40

参考文献 ........................................................... 42

附录 ............................................................... 48

致谢 ............................................................... 49

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摘要：

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文I摘要自人类文明孕育以来，饥荒就一直伴随着人类，时至今时今日，饥荒的威胁也未曾真正消除，非洲、南亚、朝鲜等一些国家的部分人民仍然面临饥饿的威胁。虽然导致饥荒的原因可能会有很多，战争、自然灾害或一些人为因素都可能导致饥荒的发生,但忍受饥饿的受害者却是可以肯定的，是处于社会底层，权利最为缺失的人民。为什么遭受饥荒影响的只是一部分人,而其他人却可以不受饥荒的威胁,甚至还可以受益于饥荒？这是一个值得思量的问题。中国1959-1961年饥荒是人类历史上死亡最惨重的一次饥荒，对这次饥荒的考察研究对预防饥荒的再次发生有着极其重要的意义。学术界对于这次饥荒所造成的非正常死亡人数，一直没...

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