地方商会制度变迁与发展研究——以改革开放后的宁波商会为例

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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

摘要

本文将视角着眼于地方商会制度变迁与发展这一问题上,兼顾其对民营

经济发展影响的阐述。随着民营经济发展而发生的地方商会制度变迁是中国

经济体制改革的重要组成部分。本文运用制度分析的方法，探讨了宁波商会

发展的经济基础、政府创造的行政法律环境、传统所创造的文化环境和渊源，

分析了在特定制度空间下的宁波商会在自主治理机制、行业治理和政府关系

治理等三方面的制度变迁与发展，试图揭示宁波商会在法律制度、政府管理

制度、政府与商会职能规范、商会自身发展等方面存在的制度缺陷和面临的

困境，提出宁波商会进一步发展所需要的制度创新手段。

本文运用的主要研究理论和方法为制度变迁理论、第三部门理论和治理

理论。制度变迁是由于制度非均衡所引致，它是通过制度创新使制度非均衡

达到制度均衡的过程，从制度需求方面讲，当在现有制度框架下，由外部性、

规模经济、风险和交易成本所引起的收入增加不能实现时，一种新制度的创

新可能应运而生，而在现行商会制度下，民营经济和行业发展对制度创新的

诉求正是当前商会制度发生变迁的动力所在。所谓第三部门，指除政府和盈

利组织之外的非盈利组织部门，第三部门的兴起是中国近三十年来的重大事

件，因为中国改革的核心特征，正是一个“国家”逐渐退出“市场”和“社

会”领域的过程，由于中国社会的转型是在政府主导之下的，所以第三部门

的成长与发展不仅需要自身内部制度和能力建设的完善，还需要外部政策制

度环境的支持和改进。而商会恰恰正是第三部门的典型代表。而治理理论的

兴起与第三部门的发展也是密切相关的，一方面，在社会资源的配置中市场

和国家的失效，需要市民社会的成长来做政府和市场不愿意做或者做不了的

事；另一方面，基于社会资源与社会权力的分化和重组的现实，第三部门有

参与到社会公共事务的治理过程的需要。治理理论强调的是不再坚持国家职

能的专属性和排他性，国家与社会组织间的形成相互依赖关系，强调管理对

象的参与，并在管理系统内形成一个自组织网络和社会协调系统。治理理论

不仅强调政府与市场的协调与合作，更重要的是寻求政府、社会与市场三者

之间的合作和互动，寻求的是一种通过调动各种力量和资源达到“善治”的

社会体制。而对于治理理论的实践，商会组织正是合适的切入点。

“宁波帮”被公认为中国近当代影响力最大、最成功的商帮之一，曾有

说法，有“宁波帮”的地方，必有宁波商会，此前“宁波帮”的声名更多是

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

来自宁波以外，而作为宁波本土民营经济和商会的发展，则受到的关注有限，

今年适逢改革开放 30 周年之际，也是历史上的宁波商会成立 103 周年，笔者

认为,此时本文将两者结合研究，很有其现实意义。宁波当地优越的地理环境、

浓郁的商文化传统、占 GDP 70%以上的民营经济总量以及当地政府的支持，

都为宁波商会的发展提供了良好的基础，但是在当前制度环境之下，民营经

济遇到的如融资、维权等问题和需求迫切需要地方商会的平台来加以解决和

应对，而商会要更好地为民营经济服务，更好地为民营企业代言，做好政企

之间的桥梁，无不需要商会内外部制度的完善和改进，这也将是本文所关注

的重点。

研究还将通过考察商会制度变迁和民营经济发展之间的有机联系，对商

会组织制度变迁的企业和社会价值作出判断，并从侧面探讨宁波商会制度变

迁方向的合理性，进而探索加快商会健康发展的对策与措施，并为国内特别

是宁波商会制度的优化调整提供方向性建议。

关键词：宁波商会；制度变迁；第三部门；治理；民营经济

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

III

ABSTRACT

This article will focus on the perspective of the local Chamber of institutional

change and development on this issue, taking into account its impact on the

development of private economy on. With the development of private economy

and the Chamber of Commerce, which took place institutional change in China's

economic reform is an important part. In this paper, the use of system analysis, to

explore the development of the Ningbo Chamber of Commerce's economic base,

the creation of administrative legal environment created by the traditional culture

of origin and the environment, an analysis of a specific system of space under the

Ningbo Chamber of Commerce in self-governance, trade and governance

Government relations in three areas of governance, and other institutional change

and development in an attempt to reveal the Ningbo Chamber of Commerce in the

legal system, the management system, standardize the functions of the

government and the Chamber of Commerce, chambers of commerce in areas such

as self-development system defects and difficulties faced by Ningbo Chamber of

Commerce put forward the further development of the The need for institutional

innovation means

This paper studies the major theoretical and methodological institutional

change theory, theory of the third sector and governance theory. System is due to

changes in the system caused by non-balanced, it is through institutional

innovation so that the system of non-equilibrium system to achieve a balanced

process, the system from the demand side, when the existing institutional

framework, from the outside, economies of scale, risk and transaction costs

Caused by the increase in income can not be achieved, an innovative new system

may come into being, and the Chamber of Commerce in the current system,

private industry and economic development of the innovation system, the

demands of the Chamber of Commerce is the current system where the power of

change took place. The so-called third sector, saying that in addition to a profit

organizations outside of government and non-profit organization, the third sector

of the rise of China is a major event in the past 30 years, since China's reform and

the characteristics of the core is a "state" gradually withdraw from the " Market

"and" society "in the field of process, as the Chinese society is in transition under

the government-led, so the third sector growth and development of not only their

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

own internal systems and capacity-building of sound policies and systems also

need external environment And improving. Chamber of Commerce and it is a

typical representative of the Third Sector. The theory of governance and the rise

of the third sector is also closely related to the development, on the one hand, in

the allocation of social resources in the market and the failure of the State, civil

society need to do to grow the market and the government do not want to do or

not do; On the other hand, community-based resources and the power of social

division and the restructuring of the reality of the third sector of society to

participate in public affairs management of the process. Stressed that the theory of

governance is no longer adhere to the functions of the country's exclusive and

exclusionary, national and community organizations to form interdependent

relations, management emphasized that the participation of the target, and

management system within a self-organizing networks and social systems. Theory

of governance is not only to emphasize the government and the market

coordination and cooperation and, more importantly, to seek the Government,

society and the market among the co-operation and interaction, seeking to

mobilize through a variety of forces and resources to achieve "good governance"

of the social system . As for the theory of governance practice, chambers of

commerce organizations is the right entry point

In Ningbo, a superior geographical environment, strong business and cultural

traditions, or GDP 70% more than the total amount of private economy as well as

the local government's support for the development of the local Chamber of

Commerce to provide a good foundation, but the current system environment,

Encountered in the private economy, such as financing, such as the rights and

needs of the local Chamber of Commerce is an urgent need to be addressed and

the platform to deal with, and in the Chamber of Commerce to better service the

private economy and private enterprises to better speak, to do a good job of the

government and enterprises Between the bridges, chambers of commerce do not

need no external sound system and improve, and this will be the focus of this

article.

Research will also study changes in the system Chamber of Commerce and

private economic development between the organic link to the Chamber of

Commerce organized a system of changing business and social value judgments

and Ningbo from the side of the Chamber of Commerce to explore the system

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

changes the direction of rationality, and explore ways to expedite the healthy

development of the Chamber of Commerce And response measures, particularly

in the domestic as well as Ningbo Chamber of Commerce to optimize the system

to provide direction to adjust the proposed.

Keywords： Ningbo Chamber of Commerce；Institutional Change；Third Sector；

Governance；Private Economy

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

第一章导论 ......................................................1

第一节研究背景和选题意义 .....................................1

第二节研究方法和理论基础 .....................................2

第三节文献综述与研究现状 .....................................6

第二章宁波商会发展的外部环境和制度背景 ...........................10

第一节市场经济发展创建的经济环境 ............................10

第二节政府创造的行政、法律环境 ..............................12

第三节宁波商传统创造的文化环境 ..............................14

第三章改革开放后宁波商会与民营企业间的制度安排 ...................15

第一节改革开放后宁波商会自身的制度安排及变迁 ................16

第二节改革开放后宁波民营经济发展状况概述 ....................19

第三节宁波商会与民营企业间制度安排分析 ......................24

第四章宁波商会发展的制度缺陷.....................................32

第一节政府管理体制与商会自主治理的矛盾 ......................32

第二节商会发展专门法律保障的缺失 ............................33

第三节政府职能转换的滞后与商会职能的缺乏 ....................34

第四节商会自身所存在的问题 ..................................36

第五章宁波商会促进民营经济发展的制度改进建议.....................38

第一节法律制度的创新 ........................................38

第二节政府管理机制的创新 ....................................39

第三节社会治理机制的改进 ....................................40

第四节商会自身的制度改进 ....................................41

结束语............................................................ 43

参考文献...........................................................44

附录...............................................................48

致谢.............................................................. 49

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摘要：

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文I摘要本文将视角着眼于地方商会制度变迁与发展这一问题上,兼顾其对民营经济发展影响的阐述。随着民营经济发展而发生的地方商会制度变迁是中国经济体制改革的重要组成部分。本文运用制度分析的方法，探讨了宁波商会发展的经济基础、政府创造的行政法律环境、传统所创造的文化环境和渊源，分析了在特定制度空间下的宁波商会在自主治理机制、行业治理和政府关系治理等三方面的制度变迁与发展，试图揭示宁波商会在法律制度、政府管理制度、政府与商会职能规范、商会自身发展等方面存在的制度缺陷和面临的困境，提出宁波商会进一步发展所需要的制度创新手段。本文运用的主要研究理论和方法为制度变迁理论、第三部门理论和治...

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