基于合同能源管理的暖通空调节能服务市场研究

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摘要

目前为止，国内对建筑节能服务市场的研究较多，但具体到对暖通空调节能

服务市场的研究较少，同时对于合同能源管理的研究也较多，但对合同能源管理

在暖通空调领域应用的研究就几乎没有，因此本文就从这个角度进行研究。

本次研究主要从以下几个方面进行分析：首先，对本次研究的市场出发点

EMCO 和合同能源管理进行分析，通过这些概念的认识从而对文章有更好的了解。

其实，通过国内节能服务市场研究延伸到暖通空调节能服务市场，并对基于合同

能源管理的暖通空调节能服务市场进行较彻底地分析，其中包括最新政策、竞争

格局以及市场规模与趋势等。再次，从市场运作模式的角度对暖通空调节能服务

市场的运作模式进行分析，得出国内主要的两种市场运作模式，分别为 EMCO 与

物业双方之间以及政府、节能服务中心、EMCO 及物业之间。第四，根据目前暖

通空调节能服务市场各方的利益争执问题提出博弈分析模型，通过对三种博弈关

系的分析得出只有政府、企业、业主各方积极相互配合才能真正从根本上解决利

益分配问题。第五，从影响市场发展的角度出发，寻找影响市场发展的因素，并

通过 AHP 方法对这些因素进行分析，从而得出应该加强政策的支持、资金的支持、

社会信任度的培养等。从以上可以得出，目前暖通空调节能服务市场只是个初级

的市场，影响其发展的因素很多，各方只有积极配合，不仅要从行业上把握这个

市场的发展，更应该从企业自身角度促进行业发展。

本研究的意义主要体现在两个方面：一是理论上的意义。主要体现在：一方

面，随着企业的私有化不断扩大，政府的干预情况相对减少，要想让企业自觉的

进行节能改造还是有相当大的困难；另一方面，我国目前市场化的节能服务改造

还只是处于初级阶段，很多方面如节能激励机制、投资鼓励机制等都没形成相应

的体系。在如此情况下进行节能服务市场 EPC 机制研究，将可以有效地弥补我国

在暖通空调节能服务方面研究的不足，在有中国特色的市场经济中甚至可能得出

新的结论。二是现实中的应用价值：有助于中国政府制定更好的合同能源管理政

策或调控手段，最终促进整个行业的发展；对于己进入或将进入该行业的节能服

务公司而言，该研究结果将有助于他们更好地理解节能服务市场以及成功实施的

关键因素，有助于他们制定更加切实可行的市场战略；同时将帮助用户更好地认

识基于合同能源管理的暖通空调节能服务市场的运作模式、博弈情况以及各种影

响因素，更加科学地做出外购或自制决策。

关键词：合同能源管理节能服务公司暖通空调节能服务运作模式

ABSTRACT

So far, the domestic service market for building energy efficiency research more,

but the specific energy-saving services to the HVAC market for less study, and energy

management of the contract is greater, but in the HVAC energy management contract

Application of air-conditioning, almost did not, so this paper studies from this

perspective.

The study analyzed from the following aspects: First, the starting point for the

study of the market EMCO analysis and contract energy management, through the

understanding of these concepts to a better understanding of the article. In fact, through

the extension of the domestic energy market research services to the HVAC energy

services market, and contract-based energy-saving HVAC energy management services

market, a more thorough analysis, including the latest policies, competition and market

size and trends. Again, from the perspective of the market mode of operation of HVAC

energy services market, the mode of operation were analyzed and the two major

domestic market operation mode, respectively, between the parties for the EMCO and

property and government, energy service center, EMCO and property between. Fourthly,

according to the current HVAC energy services market issues the parties dispute the

interests of game analysis model, by analysis of the relationship of the three drawn

games only the government, enterprises, parties to actively complement each other

owners can really benefit from the fundamental solution distribution. Fifth, from the

point of view of market development, to find the factors affecting market development,

and through the AHP method to analyze these factors to come to strengthen policy

support, financial support, cultivation of social trust. Can be drawn from the above, the

current HVAC energy services market is only a primary market, many factors affect

their development, only the parties to actively cooperate with, not only from the

industry to grasp the development of this market, should from the perspective of

promoting their own development of the industry.

Significance of this study is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, the theoretical

significance. Mainly reflected in: on the one hand, with the growing privatization of

enterprises, reduced government intervention in the situation, to get self-conscious for

energy saving enterprises still have considerable difficulty; the other hand, China's

current market-oriented energy services transformation is only in its infancy, many

aspects such as energy-saving incentives such as investment incentives, no formation of

the corresponding system. In such cases, the EPC mechanism of energy services market,

can effectively make up for energy efficiency of HVAC services in the lack of research

in a market economy with Chinese characteristics is even possible to draw new

conclusions. Second, the application of real value: one helps the Chinese government

contract to develop a better means of energy management policy or regulation, and

ultimately promote the development of the industry; the second is to have entered or

will enter the industry in terms of energy service companies The results will help them

better understand the energy services market and key factors for successful

implementation, helping them develop a more realistic market strategies; Third, the

study will help users better understand the contract-based energy management HVAC

mode of operation of energy services market, the game as well as a variety of factors,

made more scientific or buy decision.

KeyWord:Energy Performance Contracting , Heating Ventilation and

Air Conditioning, Energy Service Company,Benefit dispute

中文摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论 ·········································································································· 1

§1.1 市场研究的出发点················································································ 1

§1.1.1 EMCO 介绍与优势 ····································································· 1

§1.1.2 EMCO 为客户实施节能项目的优势 ·········································· 1

§1.1.3 进行暖通空调节能改造的必要性 ·············································· 2

§1.2 合同能源管理概念与流程 ···································································· 2

§1.3 相关文献检索研究················································································ 3

§1.4 本文的研究思路 ··················································································· 6

§1.5 本文研究意义 ······················································································· 7

第二章节能服务市场的现状与趋势 ··································································· 8

§2.1 中国目前的发展情况 ············································································ 8

§2.1.1 中国节能服务产业发展现状 ······················································ 9

§2.1.2 合同能源管理对暖通空调节能的可行性分析 ························· 11

§2.1.3 目前新出台的政策支持 ···························································· 12

§2.1.4 国内具体的发展情况 ································································ 14

§2.1.5 目前面临的难点 ········································································ 17

§2.2 竞争格局分析 ····················································································· 18

§2.2.1 市场总体的竞争状况 ································································ 18

§2.2.2 各个类型公司在细分市场中的竞争情况 ································ 19

§2.2.3 各种合同类型在细分市场中的比例 ········································ 20

§2.3 市场预测与趋势 ················································································· 21

第三章暖通节能服务市场的市场运作模式 ····················································· 21

§3.1EMCO 与物业 ······················································································ 23

§3.1.1EMCO（节能服务公司） ························································· 23

§3.1.2 物业 ··························································································· 23

§3.2 政府、节能服务中心、EMCO、物业 ··············································· 24

§3.2.1 政府 ··························································································· 24

§3.2.2 物业 ··························································································· 25

§3.2.3 EMCO ························································································ 26

§3.2.4 节能服务中心协会 ···································································· 26

§3.2.5 业主 ··························································································· 27

第四章合同能源管理节能服务市场的博弈分析 ············································· 27

§4.1 相关参与主体之间的利益博弈 ·························································· 29

§4.2 短期利益和长期利益之间的博弈 ······················································ 31

§4.3 不同节能技术和建筑类型节能效益的博弈 ······································ 32

第五章基于合同能源管理的暖通空调服务市场影响因素研究 ······················ 33

§5.1 层次分析法 ························································································· 33

§5.1. 1 基本原理 ·················································································· 33

§5.1. 2 基本步骤 ·················································································· 33

§5.2 用层次分析法确定各因素的权值 ······················································ 35

§5.2.1 建立影响发展因素的层次结构模型 ········································ 35

§5.2.2 构建判断矩阵 ············································································ 38

§5.2.3 一致性检验 ··············································································· 39

§5.3 结论分析 ····························································································· 40

第六章对策与建议 ····························································································· 40

§6.1 对策与建议 ························································································· 41

§6.1.1 市场运作模式 ············································································ 41

§6.1.2 节能市场主体的博弈 ································································ 41

§6.1.3 节能服务市场影响因素 ···························································· 42

§6.1.4 EMCO 自身 ··············································································· 43

第七章结束语 ···································································································· 45

§6.2 创新与不足 ························································································· 45

§6.2.1 创新 ··························································································· 45

§6.2.2 研究不足和进一步研究的展望 ················································ 45

参考文献 ·············································································································· 45

在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果 ···································· 50

致谢 ······················································································································ 51

第一章绪论

§1.1 市场研究的出发点

§1.1.1 EMCO 介绍与优势

本文对市场的研究是从节能服务公司(ESCO)出发的。ESCO（Energy Service

Company），中文名为节能服务公司，又称能源管理公司，在中国又称为 EMCO，

是一种基于合同能源管理机制运作的、以赢利为目的的专业化公司。EMCO 与愿

意进行节能改造的客户签订节能服务合同，向客户提供能源审计、可行性研究、

项目设计、项目融资、设备和材料采购、工程施工、人员培训、节能量监测、改

造系统的运行、维护和管理等服务，并通过与客户分享项目实施后产生的节能效

益、或承诺节能项目的节能效益、或承包整体能源费用的方式为客户提供节能服

务，并获得利润，滚动发展[1]。具体如下图所示

§1.1.2 EMCO 为客户实施节能项目的优势

EMCO 是一个以合同能源管理模式来进行市场运作的专业化的节能服务公司，

它具有传统节能服务公司无法比拟的优势和特点：

一、能提供一个全程化的服务。EMCO 从一开始接触客户，就能为客户提供

比较完整的的节能审计工作，接下来对于项目的选择、一些设备的采购以及项目

实际的可操作性进行分析，同时在后期还会为客户提供一些相关的培训。对于合

同期内的设备维护及管理都是由 EMCO 完成。

二、具有较强的资金实力。当然这资金一方面来自公司内部，另一方面来由

银行及外资投资公司的贷款。它能完成客户无法完成的节能项目改造，同时具有

较强的资金回收能力，能够保证从合同中不断收回投资。

图1-1 EMCO 与客户关系图

客

户

EMCO

能效分析

项目设计

项目融资

设备采购

施工

管理

监测

节能量保证

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摘要：

摘要目前为止，国内对建筑节能服务市场的研究较多，但具体到对暖通空调节能服务市场的研究较少，同时对于合同能源管理的研究也较多，但对合同能源管理在暖通空调领域应用的研究就几乎没有，因此本文就从这个角度进行研究。本次研究主要从以下几个方面进行分析：首先，对本次研究的市场出发点EMCO和合同能源管理进行分析，通过这些概念的认识从而对文章有更好的了解。其实，通过国内节能服务市场研究延伸到暖通空调节能服务市场，并对基于合同能源管理的暖通空调节能服务市场进行较彻底地分析，其中包括最新政策、竞争格局以及市场规模与趋势等。再次，从市场运作模式的角度对暖通空调节能服务市场的运作模式进行分析，得出国内主要的两种市场...

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