基于语料库的理工科大学生英语口语话轮转换策略

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Acknowledgements

I would like to take this chance to express my heart felt thanks to those who are

involved in my postgraduate period. As for this thesis, it can be considered as the

most challenging work during this period, which seemed so hard for me at the very

beginning. However, thanks to the following people, this thesis has been finally

completed.

First and foremost, I owe my deepest gratitude to Professor Liu Qin, my

supervisor, who not only inspired me in terms of the selection of the topic, but also

gave me insightful suggestions as well as all possible helps, sparing no pains to

correct all the drafts till the completion. What’s more important is that she gave me a

lot mental support whenever I felt frustrated and hesitant, which kept me move on.

Deep appreciation also goes to Mr Pan Mingwei from Shanghai International

Studies Univerisity. He spared his valuable time instructing me a lot about corpus, and

offered me many helpful suggestions on selection of the topic the topic and during the

process of writing.

At the same time, my thanks go equally to Professor He Anping from South

China Normal University and Mr Zhen Fengchao from Shanghai Jiaotong University,

who gave me important advice in the conference in Dalian, which has inspired me a

lot.

I would also like to give my thanks to the other project partners, without their

effort, I cannot have collected so much data. Meanwhile, I would like to show my

appreciation to those students who have seriously taken part in our videoing.

Last but not least, I am so much indebted to my family. Especially, I feel grateful

for my husband—Guobo’s love, constant support and encouragement throughout the

postgraduate period, especially during the process of the thesis writing.

ABSTRACT

Turn is a primary concept in conversations and turn-taking plays a fundamental

role in the organization of a conversation. The analysis of turn-taking was started by

Sacks et al. in the 1970s, who proposed a basic model for turn-taking organization.

Later on, researchers analyzed it from various perspectives. In the past 20 years,

researches of turn-taking have also prospered in China, especially those on foreign

language teaching.

Nevertheless, there has been little empirical study in this field so far, almost none

on how turn-taking strategies affect the overall communicative competence of a

particular group of Chinese students. The author, therefore, probes into analyzing the

status quo of turning-taking strategies of Chinese Science and Engineering Majors

(SEMs), a group of students who are important and representative, with Interlanguage

Contrastive Analysis (CIA).

Data employed in this paper are 60 conversations collected from several colleges

of science and engineering at different levels all over China. Conversation topics are

mostly on students’ life and study. The subjects selected in this research aims at

ensuring the representativeness and persuasiveness. The author compares the students’

turn-taking strategies in order to get their particular features and deficiencies, thus

enhancing students’ communicative competence and providing backwash for oral

English class teaching.

By comparison and analysis, the author reaches the following findings.

1) The study shows that Chinese SEMs are relatively weak in using turn-taking

strategies as a whole, and have not satisfactorily achieved the basic requirements

mentioned in College English Curriculum Requirements (2007): “Have mastered

basic conversational strategies, for example, initiating maintaining and closing a

conversation, and asking people to repeat what they have said”. The existing problems

mainly include lack of conversation management, overuse of “I-Perspective”, and

negative language transfer, etc.

iii

2）As for the total turns in the conversations, there does not exist significant

difference among students of different levels or from different universities. But as for

the use of discourse markers (DMs)— those signal words used for turn-taking,

holding, and yielding, high-level students perform much better than those middle and

low-level ones. So teachers are suggested to follow the principle of providing

different guidance for different groups of students and instructing them in accordance

with their aptitude so as to improve students’ oral English proficiency as a whole.

At the end of the thesis, the author provides some suggestions for oral English

teaching. First of all, universities for science and engineering should work out their

own English curriculum requirements in accordance with their specific needs and

situations. In the respect of oral English teaching, teachers should pay more attention

to students’ communicative abilities, instead of only instructing language knowledge.

Oral English teaching cannot rely on one particular textbook. Teachers should make

use of various resources, like English movies and corpus both in China and abroad.

Their attention should be focused on the authentic language.

Although this thesis has gone through so many modifications, it has some

limitations and is far from perfect. The author hopes that more researches in this field

will do further studies, thus improving College oral English teaching together.

Key words: corpus, Chinese Science and Engineering Majors (SEMs),

oral English, turn-taking, discourse markers (DMs)

摘要

话轮是日常会话的基本结构单位。话轮转换是会话的特点之一，也是会话分

析的核心问题，如何组织和转换话轮对于会话效果起着十分重要的作用。自 20

世纪 70 年代，美国社会学家 Sacks，Schegloff & Jefferson 等开拓了话轮转换研

究的先河，国外学者们一直在对这方面进行研究。我国学术界对话轮转换也进行

了不少有益探讨，尤其是在外语教学方面的研究。

就语料库对提高英语口语的方面来看，目前国内的研究对话轮转换策略的实

证研究较少，而且鲜有对某一特殊群体口语交际中的这方面的研究。本文运用基

于语料库的中介语对比分析法，就理工科大学生这一相对特殊而重要同时又颇具

代表性的学生群体的话轮转换现状进行分析。

本文研究中所用到的语料（共 60 组学生对话）来源于全国五所不同层次和

不同地域的理工科院校，学生的专业也各有所区别，话题主要围绕学生日常学习

和生活开展。其中所选对象的男女比例和各自的英语水分布大致持平，保证了语

料的代表性和说服力。笔者综合分析并对比他们的话轮转换策略，得出该群体学

生话轮转换的特点及不足之处及其对英语口语交际能力的影响，以期对英语口语

课堂教学提供有价值的反馈信息。

通过对比研究分析，笔者发现：

1) 理工科大学生口语交际中的话轮转换策略的使用整体较薄弱，没有完全达到

《大学英语课程教学要求》（2007）提出的要求：掌握基本会话策略，如开始、

继续或结束会话，让人重复所说内容等。存在的问题主要为缺乏会话管理策略、

过于以说话者自我为中心及母语的负迁移等。

2）重点院校与非重点院校的学生在话轮转换的使用整体上不存在明显的差异，

但是就语篇标记语（discourse markers）—— 用于话轮获取、维系及放弃的信

号词的使用来看，高水平学生和中低水平学生则存在显著差异，有待在日后的教

学中因材施教，以逐步缩小差距，提高整体学生的口语表达水平。

在论文末笔者提出了一些对教学的反馈建议，以供参考。首先，理工科院校

应结合学校自身特点、学生水平以及院校定位确定与之相适应的英语课程教学目

标。在口语教学方面，教师要注重培养学生交际能力的方法，避免脱离具体的语

言环境纯粹地传授语言知识，应重点指导学生如何根据具体的情景使用语言。在

口语教材的选择方面也应慎重，不妨适当引用本族语者实景对话的视频或音频进

行教学，也可借鉴国内外的语料库，利用真实的语料进进教学。

鉴于诸多原因，此项研究尚有诸多有待完善之处。笔者希望今后有更多该领

域的专家一起进行深入研究，共同促进大学英语口语教学的发展。

关键词：语料库; 中国理工科大学生; 英语口语; 话轮转换; 语篇标

记语

List of Acronyms

ANOVA

Analysis of Variance

Conversation Analysis

CET4/6

College English Test Band 4 and 6

CIA

Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis

CLA

Communicative Language Ability

COLSEC

College Learners’ Spoken English Corpus

Discourse Markers

ICE-GB-Spoken

International-Great Britain-Spoken

NNS

Non-Native Speakers

Native Speakers

POS

Part of Speech

SEMs

Science and Engineering Majors

SLA

Second Language Acquisition

SPSS

Statistical Package for Social Science

TAC

Turn-Allocation Component

TCC

Turn-Constructional Component

TCU

Turn-Constructional Unit

TRP

Transition Relevance Place

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摘要：

iAcknowledgementsIwouldliketotakethischancetoexpressmyheartfeltthankstothosewhoareinvolvedinmypostgraduateperiod.Asforthisthesis,itcanbeconsideredasthemostchallengingworkduringthisperiod,whichseemedsohardformeattheverybeginning.However,thankstothefollowingpeople,thisthesishasbeenfinallycompleted.Fir...

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