关联理论视角下的《雷雨》英译本的对比研究

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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

摘要

斯铂佰(Sperber)和威尔逊(Wilson) 于1986 年在他们合著的《关联性：交际与

认知》一书中提出了关联理论。该理论认为，人类的认知以最大关联为取向，而

语言交际则以最佳关联为取向。根据关联原则，任何一个交际行为都传递着最佳

相关性的假定或期待，听话者总是以最小的认知努力来获得足够的语境效果，并

以此推导说话者的交际意图。

格特（Gutt）在其专著《翻译与关联：认知与语境》中，提出了关联翻译理

论。格特认为：翻译是一个涉及大脑机制的推理过程，是一种言语交际行为。翻

译是一种特殊形式的交际，它涉及到两轮交际活动。首先是原作者与译者之间的

交际，原作者是源语信息传播的主体，译者是源语信息的受体；其次是译者与译

语接受者之间的交际，译者是译语信息传播的主体，译语接受者是译语信息的受

体。译者在翻译过程中扮演着双重角色，是信息传递的中转者。翻译虽然是一种

特殊形式的交际活动，但仍然以最佳关联为原则。这就要求译者必须根据原作者

的意图和译语接受者的期待进行取舍，即：译者从原作者的明示交际行为中寻找

最佳关联，再把这种最佳关联传递给译语接受者。

《雷雨》是曹禺先生的代表作，是中国现代话剧史上的里程碑。全剧以半封

建半殖民地的中国旧社会为背景，向人们讲述了周、鲁两家近 30 年的恩怨在一个

暴风雨之夜所爆发的故事。作为一部优秀的文学名著，《雷雨》除了拥有戏剧语言

的简练特征之外，其匠心独特之处还表现为：情节扣人心弦，人物性格各具特色，

婉约含蓄的潜台词极为丰富。从该作品诞生起至今，对《雷雨》研究成果的数量

远远超出了其作品本身。

本文研究《雷雨》的两个英文译本，一是著名戏剧翻译家姚莘农先生的英译

本Thunder and Rain，该译本于 1936-1937 年以连载方式发表于民国时期的英文杂

志《天下月刊》上。二是著名学者王佐良先生和亚奇·巴恩斯（Archie Barnes)先

生合译的英译本 Thunderstorm，该译本于 1958 年由外文出版社出版。从关联理

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

论视角研究《雷雨》的英译本具有积极的借鉴意义。

本文采用了以下两种研究方法：一是本文主体部分运用了对比分析方法。文

章从比较两个英译本所采用的翻译方法入手，研究其翻译效果。姚莘农先生的译

本旨在增进读者对中国文化的可理解性，主要采用直译方法；而王佐良先生和巴

恩斯先生采用直译、意译相结合的方法进行翻译，在忠实原文内容的前提下，使

译文符合英语规范。二是本文运用了定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法，该方法

贯穿本论文全文。作者通过文本处理软件 Concordance 3.0 和ICTCLAS，进行词

频分析，更直观地反映两个译本与原文在词汇层面的关联性，使研究更有说服力。

本文共分六个部分：

引言部分主要介绍研究背景、研究意义、研究方法和文章的框架。

第一章为文献综述部分，主要介绍了关联理论的研究现状和《雷雨》英译的

情况。

第二章是理论框架部分，阐述了关联理论、关联翻译理论。

第三章介绍了《雷雨》及其两个英译本，包括《雷雨》原作者曹禺先生的生

平、两个英译本的译者的生平，分别是姚莘农先生、王佐良先生和巴恩斯先生。

第四章为主体部分。从词汇信息、逻辑信息和百科信息三个层面，基于最佳

关联原则，对《雷雨》两个英译本进行对比研究。

最后是文章的结论部分。作者认为：关联翻译理论强调译者从原作者的明示

交际行为中寻找最佳关联，再把这种最佳关联传递给译语接受者，使译文与原文

最大程度地契合，翼使译语接受者从译文中获得的语境效果和原文接受者从原文

中获得的语境效果相近。整体而言，从关联理论的视角研究《雷雨》的两个英译

本，姚莘农先生的译本采用“宁信而不顺”、“迻译亦期弗失文情”的直译方法，

仍有一些“硬译、死译”的瑕疵；而王佐良先生和巴恩斯先生的英译本，既摆脱

了原文结构的束缚，又考虑到受众的接受性，译语接受者更容易接受。

关键词：关联理论；关联翻译理论；最佳关联；《雷雨》；姚莘农的英译本；王佐

良和巴恩斯的英译本

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

Contents

Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 1 Literature Review......................................................................................... 6

1.1 Studies of Relevance Theory............................................................................... 6

1.2 Studies of Translation of Leiyu............................................................................ 9

Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................. 12

2.1 The Key Terms of Relevance Theory and Relevance Translation Theory........ 12

2.2 Relevance Translation Theory........................................................................... 16

2.3 Summary............................................................................................................ 19

Chapter 3 Leiyu and Its Two English Versions .......................................................... 21

3.1 Cao Yu and Leiyu............................................................................................... 21

3.2 Yao Xinnong and His Translation of Leiyu ....................................................... 22

3.3 Wang Zuoliang and His Translation of Leiyu.................................................... 24

Chapter 4 A Contrastive Study of the Two English Versions of Leiyu..................... 27

4.1 Lexical Information........................................................................................... 27

4.2 Logical Information........................................................................................... 38

4.3 Encyclopedic Information ................................................................................. 45

4.4 Summary............................................................................................................ 48

Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 50

Bibliography.................................................................................................................. 53

Appendix ....................................................................................................................... 58

Acknowledgements....................................................................................................... 59

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

Introduction

1. Research Background

Since its debut in 1934, Leiyu has represented a milestone of China’s modern

drama history and stood among well-known classics of Chinese drama. It has been

translated into many foreign languages and staged in succession in Japan, Korea, Russia,

Britain, etc. It wins wide acclaim no matter where it goes. Such a sensation could have

never been imagined without the translated versions that helped Leiyu successfully

being staged in foreign countries.

Leiyu was firstly translated into English by Yao Xinnong with the name Thunder

and Rain and serially published in T’ien Hsia Monthly from 1936 to 1937. It was

translated into English by Wang Zuoliang and Archie Barnes with the name

Thunderstorm and published by Foreign Languages Press in 1958.

Different translation methods are adopted in the two English versions of Leiyu.

Yao Xinnong devoted himself to spreading Chinese culture to western countries, so he

tried to make his Thunder and Rain faithful to the original work. The translation method

he adopted was literal translation. Wang Zuoliang held the view that a piece of good

translation was the one which combined both literal translation and free translation. So

in his translated work Thunderstorm, we can easily find out that both literal translation

and free translation are adopted. The translated sentences in Thunderstorm can easily

been accepted by the target readers.

The collected materials the present author has gathered show that although Leiyu is

a piece of drama, Yao Xinnong translated it into English only for the purpose of

introducing it to foreigners who can read it as a piece of literature work. In other words,

he didn’t have the idea of making his translated work being used for performing on

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

stage. The above sentence can be proved to be true by the following paragraph.

The English-language drama of Leiyu was put onto stage in Hong Kong in 1954,

which was directed by Yao Xinnong. He recalled his direction of Leiyu in one article.

It’s admitted that when he translated Leiyu in 1936 he was dedicated to making his

translated work be faithful to the original work and didn’t have the thought of

translating the dialogues into lines which can be used for performance. Therefore, he

had to revise his translated work for the purpose of being suitable for performing in

1954. According to his statement, we can make a definite conclusion that Yao Xinnong

translated Leiyu into English with the aim of reading rather than performing.

Wang Zuoliang didn’t state clearly that his motivation of translating Leiyu into

English was for reading or for performing. However, it is widely acknowledged that his

Thunderstorm is a good case of drama translation, which accords with the criteria of

drama translation. What’s more, Leiyu was performed in English in Oxford University

in 2002, which was adapted on the basis of the Wang-Barnes’s English version of Leiyu.

It can prove that Thunderstorm can be used to perform on stage which has the

characteristic of performability.

All these differences endow the two English versions of Leiyu with different

characteristics, which make the contrastive study worthwhile and feasible.

The reason why the present author chooses the relevance theory as the theoretical

basis lies in that relevance theory does not follow traditional translation methods and

relevance theory views language as dynamic, rather than static. In other words,

relevance theory emphasizes language in use. On the one hand, relevance theory put

emphasis on a general survey of linguistic phenomenon with cognition and sets a

consolidated tone for all translated works; on the other hand, relevance theory is a

theory about cognition and communication. While translation is a special form of

communication, the nature of translation coincides with the feature of relevance theory.

2. The Significance of the Research

Leiyu, the masterpiece of Cao Yu, was completed in 1933 and published in 1934.

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

Since the debut of Leiyu, it has received both praise and critiques. The comments and

researches made on it have greatly surpassed Leiyu itself. It has been translated into

many languages, which also makes it famous in other countries. Therefore, the

popularity of Leiyu has a close relationship with its translations. As for its English

translation, many readers are familiar with Thunderstorm, which was translated by

Wang Zuoliang and Archie Barnes in 1958. Actually, Leiyu was firstly translated into

English by Yao Xinnong (also known as Yao Ke), who was a famous dramatist and

translator. His English version of Leiyu is named Thunder and Rain. However, nobody

has made an attempt to study Yao Xinnong’s translation of Leiyu, which is also worthy

of making research. It is easy to find out that the previous studies of the English

translation of Leiyu are all focused on Thunderstorm made by Wang Zuoliang and

Archie Barnes.

Due to their good mastery of both languages and cultures, Wang-Barnes’s

Thunderstorm is widely known and accepted by scholars and English learners at home

and abroad. A great number of researches have been made on Thunderstorm, most of

which do not break away from the scope of traditional methods. They talk about

applying traditional translation standards or translation principles or translation

strategies to analyze Thunderstorm, for example, some researchers have made attempts

to study it from the perspective of Skopos Theory. Some researchers have studied

Thunderstorm from the perspective of Adaptation Theory. But only a few achievements

have been made from the perspective of Relevance Theory.

Moreover, Thunderstorm has never been studied by means of comparison with

Thunder and Rain. Actually, there are many differences between Thunderstorm and

Thunder and Rain. In order to enlarge the research range of English translation of Leiyu,

this thesis takes Thunder and Rain into discussion and compares it with Thunderstorm

from the perspective of relevance theory. In this sense, the introduction of relevance

theory to make a contrastive study of two English versions of Leiyu seems to be

pioneering.

This thesis makes a contrastive study of the two English versions of Leiyu with the

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摘要：

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文IV摘要斯铂佰(Sperber)和威尔逊(Wilson)于1986年在他们合著的《关联性：交际与认知》一书中提出了关联理论。该理论认为，人类的认知以最大关联为取向，而语言交际则以最佳关联为取向。根据关联原则，任何一个交际行为都传递着最佳相关性的假定或期待，听话者总是以最小的认知努力来获得足够的语境效果，并以此推导说话者的交际意图。格特（Gutt）在其专著《翻译与关联：认知与语境》中，提出了关联翻译理论。格特认为：翻译是一个涉及大脑机制的推理过程，是一种言语交际行为。翻译是一种特殊形式的交际，它涉及到两轮交际活动。首先是原作者与译者之间的交际，原作者是源语信息传播的主体，...

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