认知视阈下《围城》的概念隐喻及其英译研究

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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

摘要

隐喻研究的始祖可追溯至两千多年前的亚里士多德，自他以后的很长一段时期

内，隐喻研究一直将隐喻当作一种增添文采的修辞手法。直至 1980 年，Lakoff 和

Johnson 合作出版了《我们赖以生存的隐喻》（

Metaphors We Live By

）一书，打

破了隐喻研究的传统局面。书中，两人颇具创新地提出了“概念隐喻理论”，认为

隐喻不仅是一种语言手段，在更深的层面上，它是人类广泛认知和构建自己与外

部世界的互动经验的一种方式。两人更是提出了“意象图式”的概念，声称人类

是按照头脑中预先存在的某种认知方式去认识外部世界，而这一过程是不知不觉

地在头脑中发生。Lakoff 和 Johnson 合作出版的这一书在隐喻研究史上具有划时

代的意义，它首次将隐喻置于人类认知的大环境下，将隐喻从传统地作为修辞方

式进行研究的桎梏中解脱出来，从而为概念隐喻研究的发展奠定了坚实的基础。

尽管隐喻的翻译是文学翻译问题的中心所在，但却一直被译者们所忽视。

Newmark 对隐喻翻译提出了较为系统直观的意见，他将隐喻归为五大类并提出了隐

喻翻译七法。但其观点往往是停留在语言表达的表层上。从认知语言学的角度来

说，依据隐喻的认知特点，其翻译应是将一种语言中的认知方式传递到目的域中。

本研究以钱钟书的《围城》为个案。该书以其诸多形象生动、入木三分的隐喻

而为国内外读者所欢迎。其英译本由珍妮(Jeanne Kelly)和茅国权(Nathan K. Mao)

合译而成，一经出版便受到广泛好评。

本文将《围城》中的概念隐喻归为两类，即以人为目的域和以情感为目的域

的概念隐喻。本文在认知语言学的框架之下，结合纽马克的隐喻翻译七法，拟对

《围城》中概念隐喻的英译方法加以研究。通过对该书中隐喻翻译方法的研究，

本文认为不同情形下应采用不同的翻译方法以保留隐喻的原汁原味且保留原文的

可读性。若源语和目的语读者都能充分领会隐喻意象的文化内涵，则该隐喻意象

可直译，或保留或直接用目的语意象替换。肩负着沟通中西文化的任务，译者在

处理具有文化独特性的隐喻意象时，应尽量优先考虑保留其异域文化风味。只有

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

在目的语中找不到其相应隐喻意象时，译者方可考虑对其加以变换或者删除。

关键词：概念隐喻；认知；《围城》；英译

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

III

ABSTRACT

Studies on metaphor can be traced back two thousand years ago to Aristotle, since

whom metaphors have been long researched as a mere figure of speech. This tradition

was broken off by the publication of the book Metaphors We Live By, co-authored by

Lakoff and Johnson in 1980. In this book, the two authors proposed the Conceptual

Metaphor Theory, claiming that metaphors are not merely figures of speech but a way of

how human beings perceive the world and structure their experiences of interactions

with the outside world. What’s more, they put forward the notion of “image schema”, a

preexisted pattern of conceptualization in human brains. Laying a solid foundation for

the future development of conceptual metaphor, this book is a breakthrough in the

history of metaphor study, for it releases metaphors from being studied as a literary

device.

Though metaphor is at the center of all problems of translation theory, it has been

sadly neglected in the translation theory. Newmark does shed his relatively

comprehensive light on metaphors by classifying metaphors into five types and put

forward seven ways of metaphor translation. His discussion of metaphor translation,

however, is usually made at the verbal level. Instead, if seen from a cognitive

perspective, the translation of metaphor is supposed to convey the pattern of

conceptualization from one language to another.

The study on metaphor in this thesis is a case study on Ch’ien Chung-shu’s

Fortress Besieged, which is worldly renowned for its profusion in vivid metaphors. And

its English version translated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao also becomes popular

among the western readers shortly after its publication.

In this thesis, conceptual metaphors in Fortress Besieged are classified into two

types. One is the conceptual metaphors having human as their target domain, and the

other is the conceptual metaphors having emotion as their target domain. Under the

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

framework of cognitive linguistics and on the basis of Newmark’s proposals, this thesis

attempts to probe into the translation methods employed in translating conceptual

metaphors of this novel. Through examining the metaphor translation, the thesis draws

the conclusion that the metaphors under different situations should be translated with

proper methods so as to firstly, retain their original flavor and secondly, retain the

readability of the source text. As for those metaphors whose cultural connotations can

be well appreciated by both the source readers and target readers, it is suggested that the

culturally-loaded images in the source language be literally translated, reproduced or

replaced with those in the target language. But with regard to those metaphors

containing culturally unique images, the translator, serving as the bridge connecting the

Chinese and western cultures, shall endeavor to give top priority to retaining the foreign

flavor in the target text. Only when the corresponding images can’t be found in the

target language can the translator alter or delete the source images.

Key words: conceptual metaphors; cognition; Fortress Besieged; English translation

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

Contents

Introduction ..........................................................................................................1

1. Significance of the Study.............................................................................1

2. Research Questions .....................................................................................2

3. Organization of the Thesis........................................................................... 2

Chapter 1 Literature Review...............................................................................4

1.1 Previous Studies on Translation of Fortress Besieged ..............................4

1.2 Previous Studies on Metaphor Translation................................................7

Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundation....................................................................13

2.1 Conceptual Metaphor Theory.................................................................. 13

2.2 Other Scholars’ Suggestions for Metaphor Translation........................... 21

Chapter 3 Studies of Conceptual Metaphors in Fortress Besieged and their

Translation ..........................................................................................................26

3.1 A Brief Account of Fortress Besieged.....................................................26

3.2 Metaphor of Human as Target Domain and Its Translation in Fortress

Besieged.........................................................................................................28

3.3 Metaphor of Emotion as Target Domain and Its Translation in Fortress

Besieged.........................................................................................................41

Chapter 4 Suggested Approaches to Metaphor Translation in Fortress

Besieged .............................................................................................................. 52

4.1 Complete Overlapping in SL and TL Metaphors ....................................53

4.2 Partial Overlapping in SL and TL Metaphors..........................................54

4.3 No Overlapping in SL and TL Metaphors...............................................55

Conclusion...........................................................................................................56

1. Summary of the Study............................................................................... 56

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

2. Limitations of the Study ............................................................................ 57

Bibliography…………………………………………………………………… 57

Appendix………………………………………………………………………..62

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………..63

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文

Introduction

1. Significance of the Study

Composed by Qian Zhongshu, an eminent master of both Chinese and English

cultures, Fortress Besieged is highly ranked among the best novels in the modern

Chinese literature. It is a multi-theme novel, covering comedy, humor, satire on

marriage and a close inspect into the modern man. But it hasn’t triggered fanaticism at

home until the 1980s’ when Xia Zhiqing praised it as “the most delightful and carefully

wrought novel in the modern Chinese literature”(夏志清, 1990:192). And merits are

then paid on the different aspects of this novel just as Nathan K. Mao (2003: v)

summarizes in his Introduction to Fortress Besieged, “C. T. Hsia has highly praised the

novel’s comic exuberance and satire; Dannis Hu, its linguistic manipulation; Theodore

Huters, its relationship to modern Chinese letters”. This novel embeds itself with

prodigious rhetorical devices and humorous epigrams, which heavily burdens the

translators who intend to render this brilliant novel into foreign counterparts. Obviously,

metaphor usage is a shining point in this novel and also a manifestation of its aesthetic

values. Besides, the translation of Fortress Besieged has turned itself to be a research

focus in the past dozen years. That is why this thesis picks the metaphors in Fortress

Besieged as the object of study.

As far as the present author is concerned, the English version of Fortress Besieged,

translated by Kelly & Nathan (2003), is undoubtedly an outstanding translation version.

Among the theses on metaphor and its translation in Fortress Besieged, the perspectives

such as rhetoric, aesthetic, humor and culture are frequently taken. It is not until Lakoff

and Johnson made public their idea on metaphors that the research of metaphors

gradually turns to cognition. Since the basis of metaphor is human’s cognition, the study

on metaphor translation should also be cognition-oriented.

Being prone to examine the metaphors in both the source and target texts of

Fortress Besieged, this thesis follows the path of cognitive linguistics, or rather the

Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The fact that Conceptual Metaphor Theory (or CMT for

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摘要：

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文I摘要隐喻研究的始祖可追溯至两千多年前的亚里士多德，自他以后的很长一段时期内，隐喻研究一直将隐喻当作一种增添文采的修辞手法。直至1980年，Lakoff和Johnson合作出版了《我们赖以生存的隐喻》（MetaphorsWeLiveBy）一书，打破了隐喻研究的传统局面。书中，两人颇具创新地提出了“概念隐喻理论”，认为隐喻不仅是一种语言手段，在更深的层面上，它是人类广泛认知和构建自己与外部世界的互动经验的一种方式。两人更是提出了“意象图式”的概念，声称人类是按照头脑中预先存在的某种认知方式去认识外部世界，而这一过程是不知不觉地在头脑中发生。Lakoff和Johnson合作...

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