城市偏向、产业结构变动对城乡收入差距的影响

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摘要

改革开放以来，我国经济建设取得了举世瞩目的非凡成就，城乡居民无论是

生活水平还是收入水平都有了很大提高，但是城乡居民的收入差距却越来越大。

城乡收入比从 1978 年的 2.57 扩大到 2011 年的 3.13，并一度在 2007 年和 2009 年

达到了 3.33。城乡收入差距的不断扩大是众多因素综合作用的结果，其中长期以

来的城市偏向政策无疑是一个不能忽视的重要原因。而城市偏向政策也是涉及国

计民生的各种政策的组合。又由于一个国家或地区的国民收入与其产业结构状况

直接相关，所以除了城市偏向，产业结构的变动情况也是引起城乡居民收入差距

扩大或缩小的重要原因。城乡收入差距问题给我国经济发展带来很多负面影响，

是政府亟待解决的重大课题。基于此，本文试图从综合度量城市偏向政策并结合

产业结构变动角度来研究我国城乡收入差距问题。

本文综合度量了城市偏向政策，并在此基础上着重研究了城市偏向以及产业

结构变动对城乡收入差距的影响。为保证研究的客观性和全面性，本文运用了定

性分析与定量分析方法。本文研究的主要内容是分析了城市偏向以及产业结构变

动对城乡收入差距的影响。首先，本文从理论层面分析了城市偏向和产业结构变

动对城乡收入差距的影响机制。城市偏向对城乡收入差距具有间接和直接影响，

产业结构变动通过影响要素边际生产力、就业结构以及资本回报率来影响城乡收

入差距；其次，综合度量了城市偏向政策，选取了农村间接税税负、城镇固定资

产投资比重、城镇教育经费支出比重、城镇医疗保健床位数占比以及农村金融资

源流失率五个指标来衡量城市偏向政策；最后，运用 VAR 模型和脉冲影响函数以

及方差分解研究了城市偏向和产业结构变动对城乡收入差距的影响。研究结果表

明：城市偏向是造成城乡收入差距的主要原因，而城乡收入差距不是城市偏向和

产业结构变动的原因；产业结构变动也是造成城乡收入差距的主要原因，但是产

业结构合理化和产业结构高级化对城乡收入差距的影响方向不同。

本文从城市偏向和产业结构变动角度深度剖析我国城乡收入差距问题，取得

了一定的进展。在未来数据资料更为充分、研究方法更为精确的情况下，本课题

可以扩展研究对象，更为精确地研究城市偏向和产业结构变动对城乡收入差距的

影响问题，使得实证结果更加精确、贴近现实，为促进我国收入分配更加合理献

计献策。

关键词：城市偏向产业结构变动城乡收入差距泰尔指数

ABSTRACT

Since reform and opening-up ，China's economic construction has achieved

remarkable accomplishments，both living standards and income level of urban and rural

residents have been greatly improved, but the income gap between urban and rural

residents is becoming larger and larger. Urban-rural income ratio has been expanded

from 2.57 in 1978 to 3.13 in 2011, and even reached 3.33 in 2007 and 2009. The

widening of income gap between urban and rural residents is a result of the combined

action of many factors and long term city-biased policy is definitely a very important

reason which cannot be ignored. Urban-biased policy is also a combination of all sorts

of policy that involved in national economy and people's livelihood. Besides, a country

or a region's industrial structure condition is directly related to national income, so in

addition to urban bias policy, changes of industrial structure is also a very important

reason causing urban-rural income gap larger or smaller. The urban-rural income gap

problem, which brings many negative impact on China's economic development, is an

important issue that really need to be solved by the government. Based on this, this

paper attempts to study the problem of income gap between urban and rural residents

from the comprehensive measurement of city-biased policy as well as industrial

structure changing angle.

This paper comprehensively measures urban-biased policy, and on this basis this

paper studies the urban bias and industrial structure change on the influence of income

gap between urban and rural residents. In order to ensure the objectivity and

comprehensiveness, this paper uses the qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis

method. The main concern of this paper is to analyze the urban bias and industrial

structure change on the influence of income gap between urban and rural residents. First

of all, this paper analyzes the urban bias and industrial structure change on the influence

mechanism of income gap between urban and rural residents from the theoretical level.

Urban bias has indirect and direct effects on the income gap between urban and rural

residents, and industrial structure change has an effect on the income gap between urban

and rural residents by influencing marginal productivity, employment structure and

return on capital; second, this paper comprehensively measures urban-biased policy,

selecting five indicators, which are the indirect taxes in rural areas, urban fixed asset

investment proportion, urban education spending proportion, urban health care beds

proportion and rural financial resource turnover rate to measure urban-biased policy;

Finally, using VAR model and impulse influence function and variance decomposition

to study the urban bias and industrial structure change on the influence of income gap

between urban and rural residents. The results show that the urban bias is the main

cause of the income gap between urban and rural residents, but the income gap between

urban and rural residents is not the cause of urban-biased policy or industrial structure

change; Change of industrial structure is also the main cause of the income gap between

urban and rural residents, but the rationalization and optimization of industrial structure

have opposite influences on income gap between urban and rural residents.

From the perspective of urban bias and industrial structure change, this paper gets

further insight of the problem of income gap between urban and rural residents, and has

made certain progress. In the future, data will be more sufficient and research methods

will be more accurate, in which case we can extent the research objects, and study the

urban- rural income gap problem influenced by urban-bias and industrial structure

change more accurately, so that the empirical results will be more accurate and close to

reality, so as to promote our country's income distribution more reasonable.

Key words: Urban Bias, Industrial Reconstructuring, Urban-rural

Inequality, Theil Index

中文摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论............................................................................................................... 1

1.1 研究背景及意义............................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 研究背景................................................................................................... 1

1.1.2 研究意义................................................................................................... 1

1.2 文献述评............................................................................................................ 2

1.2.1 国外研究综述........................................................................................... 2

1.2.2 国内研究综述........................................................................................... 3

1.3 研究内容及研究方法....................................................................................... 7

1.3.1 研究内容................................................................................................... 7

1.3.2 研究方法................................................................................................... 8

第二章理论基础................................................................................................. 10

2.1 概念界定......................................................................................................... 10

2.1.1 城市偏向的涵义及成因......................................................................... 10

2.1.2 产业结构变动的涵义............................................................................. 11

2.1.3 城乡收入差距的界定............................................................................. 11

2.2 城市偏向影响城乡收入差距的理论依据..................................................... 11

2.2.1 二元经济理论......................................................................................... 11

2.2.2 工农产品价格“剪刀差”理论............................................................. 12

2.2.3 城市偏向对城乡收入差距的影响机制................................................. 12

2.3 产业结构变动影响城乡收入差距的理论依据............................................. 13

2.3.1 劳动力市场分割理论............................................................................. 13

2.3.2 产业梯度转移理论................................................................................. 15

2.3.3 产业结构变动对城乡收入差距的影响机制......................................... 15

2.3.4 城市偏向和产业结构变动的关系......................................................... 16

2.4 本章小结......................................................................................................... 16

第三章我国城乡收入差距问题分析....................................................................... 18

3.1 我国城乡收入差距问题的历史演变............................................................. 18

3.1.1 建国初期到改革开放前，城乡收入差距由大逐渐减小..................... 18

3.1.2 改革开放后至今，城乡收入差距由小变大......................................... 19

3.2 我国城乡收入差距的成因分析................................................................. 21

3.2.1 城市偏向政策与城乡收入差距......................................................... 21

3.2.2 产业结构变动与城乡收入差距......................................................... 22

3.3 典型国家城乡收入差距比较与启示......................................................... 23

3.3.1 印度..................................................................................................... 23

3.3.2 美国..................................................................................................... 24

3.3.3 韩国..................................................................................................... 25

3.3.4 小结与启示......................................................................................... 26

3.4 本章小结..................................................................................................... 27

第四章实证分析....................................................................................................... 28

4.1 向量自回归（VAR）模型的构建与运用....................................................... 28

4.1.1 向量自回归（VAR）模型分析............................................................... 28

4.1.2 脉冲响应函数模型和方差分解模型分析............................................. 28

4.1.3 指标选取................................................................................................. 28

4.1.4 数据处理................................................................................................. 34

4.2 实证检验结果.................................................................................................. 37

4.2.1 VAR 模型检验结果.................................................................................. 37

4.2.2 VAR 模型的检验...................................................................................... 38

4.2.3 调整后 VAR 模型的脉冲响应函数模型检验结果................................. 40

4.2.4 调整后 VAR 模型的方差分解实证检验结果.......................................... 42

4.3 实证结果分析与结论...................................................................................... 44

4.3.1 农村间接税税负和城乡收入差距.......................................................... 44

4.3.2 固定资产投资和城乡收入差距.............................................................. 45

4.3.3 教育经费支出和城乡收入差距.............................................................. 46

4.3.4 医疗保健和城乡收入差距...................................................................... 47

4.3.5 农村金融资源流失和城乡收入差距...................................................... 49

4.3.6 产业结构合理化和城乡收入差距.......................................................... 51

4.3.7 产业结构高级化和城乡收入差距.......................................................... 52

4.4 本章小结.......................................................................................................... 53

第五章政策建议....................................................................................................... 54

5.1 减少城市偏向角度....................................................................................... 54

5.1.1 减轻农民税收负担以缩小城乡收入差距............................................. 55

5.1.2 增加农村固定资产投资以缩小城乡收入差距..................................... 56

5.1.3 增加农村教育经费支出以缩小城乡收入差距..................................... 56

5.1.4 增加农村医疗保健床位数以缩小城乡收入差距................................. 57

5.1.5 减少农村金融资源流失以缩小城乡收入差距..................................... 58

5.2 产业结构变动角度......................................................................................... 59

5.2.1 提高产业结构合理化程度以缩小城乡收入差距................................. 59

5.2.2 提高产业结构高级化程度以缩小城乡收入差距................................. 60

5.3 提高农村社会保障角度................................................................................. 61

5.4 本章小结......................................................................................................... 61

第六章结论与展望................................................................................................... 63

6.1 结论............................................................................................................... 63

6.2 研究展望......................................................................................................... 63

附录............................................................................................................................. 65

参考文献..................................................................................................................... 71

在读期间发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得的成果............................................. 75

致谢............................................................................................................................. 76

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摘要：

摘要改革开放以来，我国经济建设取得了举世瞩目的非凡成就，城乡居民无论是生活水平还是收入水平都有了很大提高，但是城乡居民的收入差距却越来越大。城乡收入比从1978年的2.57扩大到2011年的3.13，并一度在2007年和2009年达到了3.33。城乡收入差距的不断扩大是众多因素综合作用的结果，其中长期以来的城市偏向政策无疑是一个不能忽视的重要原因。而城市偏向政策也是涉及国计民生的各种政策的组合。又由于一个国家或地区的国民收入与其产业结构状况直接相关，所以除了城市偏向，产业结构的变动情况也是引起城乡居民收入差距扩大或缩小的重要原因。城乡收入差距问题给我国经济发展带来很多负面影响，是政府亟待解决的...

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