基于图像识别的乒乓球选手颈椎健康分析

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摘要

近年来由于生活和工作的不良习惯，颈椎病的发病率成上升趋势，严重影响

着人们的正常工作和身心健康。随着现代生活节奏的加快，人们的工作压力越来

越大，从而导致长期伏案工作，缺乏锻炼，身体素质下降，容易得上各种职业病，

严重困扰着人们的正常生活和工作。其中，颈椎病已经成为困扰广大群众的疾病

中很普遍的一种。目前，颈椎病的病发越来越趋向低龄化，这个与人们的生活工

作习惯有着密切的关系。随着科学的进步，治疗颈椎病的手段和方法越来越多，

主要可分为手术治疗和非手术治疗。而传统的手术治疗和推拿、针灸等一些非手

术治疗均需要患者去医院等正规医疗场所进行治疗，需要花费大量的精力和金钱，

并且对于患者来说没有任何趣味性而言。

本文研究的主要内容是运动疗法，相对于其它治疗方法，运动疗法也具有比

较好的疗效。患者可以选择感兴趣的运动，让患者主动去参加运动治疗，并可以

让患者身心愉悦，使治疗产生更好的效果。而在运动治疗中，打乒乓球成为现代

社会很主流有效的一种治疗方法，乒乓球运动作为中国的国球，是全民健身运动

中最受人民欢迎的运动之一，并且在乒乓球运动过程中，选手的颈部会随着挥拍

一起运动，可以促进颈部周围肌肉群的锻炼，加速血液循环，从而起到预防和治

疗颈椎病的效果。

本文讨论了一种基于图像识别检测乒乓球选手头部运动的方法，通过实验来

对乒乓球运动员运动中的扭头次数进行计算，确定扭头次数与颈椎健康的关系。

由于图像处理方面需要跟踪运动目标，本文在原有的目标跟踪 camshift 方法基

础上提出了一种基于颜色反馈的改进版的 camshift 算法。提出将 camshift 算法

闭环，消除了原有跟踪算法识别率不高的缺点，在检测目标颜色差别不大的环境

中具有很好的实用性，极大地提高了检测和跟踪准确率。

本文设计了一种新式的计算人体头部运动的算法，抗干扰能力强，准确性较

高，比较适合于本篇论文的实验。通过问卷调查的方式得到广大乒乓球运动人员

的颈椎健康的情况，利用 MATLAB 仿真工具，用最小二乘法对数据进行拟合分析，

结合论文提出的方法计算扭头次数，得到了具体的乒乓球运动时间对颈椎健康影

响的曲线图，并得出结论：选手每周打乒乓球五个小时对颈椎健康疗效较好。

关键字：乒乓球头部扭动 OpenCV improved camshift

ABSTRACT

In recent years, due to the bad habits of life and work, the incidence of cervical

spondylosis has an upward trend which seriously affects people's normal work and the

physical and mental health. With the speeding pace of modern life, people's work

pressure is increasing which leads to long-term work and lack of exercise, physical

decline, prone to all kinds of occupation disease, seriously hindering the normal work

and life of the people. Among them, the cervical vertebra disease has become

obsessed with the masses in a very common disease. At present, more young people

have the cervical vertebra disease, which is closely related to the bad habits in

people’s work and life. With the progress of science, the means and methods of

treatment of cervical disease have been presenting more and more, which can be

divided into non operation treatment and operation treatment. But for the traditional

operation therapy and so-called non operation treatment such as massage, acupuncture

and so on, it needs patients to go to hospitals or clinics, which are very inconvenient

besides of time and money.

This paper is mainly to discuss the treatments of exercise therapy. Compared

with other treatments, exercise therapy has better curative effect. Patients may select

interested sports, which will make patients happy while they will get active

treatment .In the treatments of exercise therapy; table tennis has become a kind of

effective method for the treatment of modern society. As the Chinese national game,

table tennis is one of the most popular sports in China. In the sport of table tennis, the

player’s neck will be moving with his body, which may increase the movement of

surrounding muscle of the neck and promote blood circulation. With the way, treat

cervical vertebra diseases will be prevented and treated.

In this paper, a method is proposed to detect the movement of table tennis players

head based on image recognition. By the experiment image, the torsion times of table

tennis athletes are captured and calculated. Because the track of the moving target is

needed in the image processing, inspired by the existing target tracking method such

as camshift. An improved camshift algorithm is investigated based on the version of

the color feedback. It may eliminate the shortcoming of the low recognition rate of the

original tracking algorithm, which has good practicability in the detection of target

color with pure environment, and the accuracy of detecting and tracking has been

much improved.

This paper also designed a new algorithm to detect the head motion of players,

which has anti-interference and robustness. By the way of a questionnaire survey is

used to acquire the health situation of players’ cervical vertebra. By MATLAB

simulation and the least square method, the data fitting analysis was done with the

proposed method in this paper. The time curves of influence of table tennis sports for

cervical vertebra health are drawn. The main conclusion is that: it is the best choice

for a player to play table tennis for 5 hours a week, which has the best effect on

preventing and treating cervical vertebra diseases.

Key Words: Table Tennis，Head Twist，OpenCV，

Improved Camshift

中文摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论 ··················································································· 1

1.1 选题背景与研究意义 ································································· 1

1.2 研究思路与方法 ······································································· 3

1.3 文献综述 ················································································· 3

1.3.1 国内外文献综述 ·································································· 3

1.3.2 文献评述 ··········································································· 8

1.4 论文主要内容与研究框架 ··························································· 9

1.4.1 论文主要内容 ····································································· 9

1.4.2 论文研究框架 ··································································· 10

1.5 论文的创新点和不足之处 ························································· 11

1.5.1 论文的创新点 ··································································· 11

1.5.2 论文的不足之处 ································································ 11

第二章图像处理方法介绍 ································································ 12

2.1 OpenCV 介绍 ·········································································· 12

2.2 功能函数介绍 ········································································ 12

第三章图像跟踪算法介绍 ································································ 16

3.1 跟踪算法背景介绍 ·································································· 16

3.2 meanshift 跟踪算法介绍 ····························································· 16

3.2.1 多维空间下无参密度估计 ···················································· 16

3.2.2 meanshift 向量 ··································································· 17

3.2.3 meanshift 在目标跟踪中的应用 ·············································· 17

3.2.4 相似性函数与目标定位 ······················································· 18

3.3 camshift 跟踪算法介绍 ······························································ 18

3.4 改进型 camshift 跟踪算法介绍 ···················································· 20

第四章实验研究 ············································································ 23

4.1 实验环境及实验装置 ······························································· 23

4.2 运动员服装············································································ 23

4.3 寻找标记 ··············································································· 24

4.4 设置感兴趣区域 ····································································· 27

4.4.1 设置感兴趣区域目的 ·························································· 27

4.4.2 颜色反馈算法应用 ····························································· 28

4.4.3 改进型 camshift 跟踪算法应用 ·············································· 30

4.5 扭头识别算法 ········································································ 32

4.5.1 脖子扭动前后 ··································································· 32

4.5.2 识别脖子扭动算法 ····························································· 33

4.5.3 实验步骤和流程图 ····························································· 34

第五章实验与结论分析 ··································································· 37

5.1 实验结果与结论分析 ······························································· 37

5.2 问卷调查与结论分析 ······························································· 38

5.3 乒乓球专业运动员的颈椎健康分析 ············································· 39

5.4 结论及分析············································································ 40

5.4.1 最小二乘法原理 ································································ 40

5.4.2 乒乓球运动时间与颈椎健康曲线关系 ····································· 40

第六章研究结论与展望 ··································································· 42

6.1 主要结论 ··············································································· 42

6.2 对策建议 ··············································································· 42

6.3 研究展望 ··············································································· 43

参考文献 ······················································································· 44

在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果 ····························· 50

致谢 ··························································································· 51

第一章绪论

1.1 选题背景和研究意义

随着现代生活节奏的加快，人们的工作压力的越来越大，从而导致长期伏案

工作，缺乏锻炼，身体素质下降，容易得上各种职业病，严重困扰着人们的正常

生活和工作。其中，颈椎病已经成为困扰广大群众的疾病中很普遍的一种。目前，

颈椎病的病发越来越趋向低龄化，这个与人们的生活工作习惯有着密切的关系。

现代人工作生活压力很大，经常一坐在办公桌前就要好几个小时不休息的工作，

头颈部位得不到任何活动，从而导致颈前屈肌一直保持收缩状态，同样使后伸肌

一直保持拉伸的状态。长久以往下去，使颈部周围肌肉慢慢失去了收缩和舒张的

能力，肌肉退化的速度加快，从而出现椎间盘退变的情况。肌肉力量的减弱，使

周围的韧带逐渐松弛，对颈椎的支撑作用逐渐降低，进一步引起颈椎节段稳定性

降低和生理弯曲发生变化。这些原因，都是由于颈椎长期处于不活动状态导致的，

最终都将颈椎病的出现。

颈椎病是由于颈椎间盘的脱水退变、韧带松弛、椎体失稳和颈椎生理曲度改

变、骨质增生导致脊髓、神经根、根动脉、交感神经受到刺激或压迫而出现的一

系列病理改变和临床表现。其病因有颈椎退行性变、先天性椎管狭窄或其他畸形、

慢性劳损及其他因素。其中，颈椎退行性变是最常见病因。颈椎病的类型按照 1992

年全国第二届颈椎病专题座谈会制定的标准总共分为六类：

1.颈型：由颈椎间盘退行性改变引起颈椎局部或反射性地引起枕颈肩部疼痛，

颈部活动受限，X线片上颈椎显示屈度改变或锥间关节不稳。

2.神经根型颈椎间盘退行性改变压迫脊神经根，引起感觉、运动功能障碍。具

有较典型的根性症状，且范围与颈脊神经所支配的区域相一致。

3.脊髓型：颈椎间盘退行性改变造成脊髓受压和缺血，引起脊髓传导功能障碍

者，又分为中央型和周围型，中央型是从上肢发病开始，向下肢发展，周围型是

从下肢向上肢发展。X线片显示椎体后缘骨质增生，椎管狭窄，影像学证实有脊

髓压迫。

4.椎动脉型：由于钩锥关节退行性变的刺激，压迫椎动脉，造成椎基底动脉供

血不足。X线片显示阶段性不稳定或枢锥关节骨质增生。

5.交感神经型：颈椎间盘退行性改变的刺激，压迫颈部交感神经纤维，引起一

系列反射性症状，如头晕、眼花、耳鸣等。X线片有失稳或退变。

6.其他型：颈椎颈椎前鸟嘴样增生压迫食管引起吞咽困难[12]。

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摘要：

摘要近年来由于生活和工作的不良习惯，颈椎病的发病率成上升趋势，严重影响着人们的正常工作和身心健康。随着现代生活节奏的加快，人们的工作压力越来越大，从而导致长期伏案工作，缺乏锻炼，身体素质下降，容易得上各种职业病，严重困扰着人们的正常生活和工作。其中，颈椎病已经成为困扰广大群众的疾病中很普遍的一种。目前，颈椎病的病发越来越趋向低龄化，这个与人们的生活工作习惯有着密切的关系。随着科学的进步，治疗颈椎病的手段和方法越来越多，主要可分为手术治疗和非手术治疗。而传统的手术治疗和推拿、针灸等一些非手术治疗均需要患者去医院等正规医疗场所进行治疗，需要花费大量的精力和金钱，并且对于患者来说没有任何趣味性而言。...

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