基于瑞利后向散射光干涉原理的分布式光纤振动传感器研究

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基于瑞利后向散射光干涉原理的

分布式光纤振动传感器研究

摘要

分布式光纤振动传感器具有抗干扰能力强、传感距离长、传感单元无源等优点

近年来引起了科研人员们的广泛关注。分布式光纤振动器是基于光在光纤中的干

涉实现振动传感的,振动的传感和传输在同一根光纤内实现。本论文研究了基于光

纤中瑞利后向散射光干涉原理的分布式光纤振动传感器，从后向散射光干涉理论

系统设计、后向散射信号放大和振动信号侧向定位等几个方面进行了研究。

首先，研究了几种不同类型的分布式光纤振动传感理论。对基于 M-Z 干涉原

理的分布式光纤振动传感、基于 Sagnac 干涉原理的分布式光纤振动传感、基于相

位敏感 OTDR 原理的分布式光纤振动传感进行了研究和分析。接着，研究了光纤中

瑞利后向散射光干涉理论，并分析了瑞利后向光信号在光纤中产生干涉的模型。

同时，对直接检测和相干检测的光电检测技术进行了研究，为本系统中瑞利后向

散射光的检测提供了很好的理论支撑。

其次，基于光纤中瑞利后向散射光干涉理论，完成了分布式光纤振动传感器

的系统设计。并对系统的光源模块、光脉冲调制模块、脉冲光信号放大模块、光电检

测模块、数据采集模块和数据处理模块的参数进行设计和优化，最终实现了对系

统参数的整体优化设计。

然后，研究了瑞利后向散射信号放大技术，针对传统的信号放大方法存在的

不足，创新提出了时域可变增益系数的信号放大方法。根据光纤中瑞利后向散射

光信号返回光电探测器的时刻，对放大器的放大增益系数进行动态调整，实现瑞

利后向散射光信号的分布式补偿。

最后，对分布式光纤振动传感器的侧向定位技术进了研究，分析了分布式光

纤振动传感器中不同传感点所测得振动信号的特性。创新提出了基于振动信号到

达不同传感点时延理论的侧向定位技术，根据振动信号到达光纤中不同传感点的

时间差来对计算振动事件的侧向位置。同时，分析了影响系统侧向定位精度的因

素，提出了优化系统侧向定位精度的方法。

关键词：光纤传感　瑞利后向散射　干涉振动

ABSTRACT

Distributed optical fiber vibration sensor has attracted a lot of research interests in

recent years due to its capabilities of immunity to electromagnetic interference, long-

distance sensing range, no power supply in sensing unit. The theory of distributed

optical fiber vibration sensor is based on light interference in optical fiber, in which the

sensing and transmission of vibration signal are achieved at the same time. In this paper,

we introduced a distributed optical fiber vibration sensor based on the theory of

Rayleigh backscattering light interference in optical fiber, and the theory of back-

scattering interference, backscattering amplification method, lateral positioning method

and system design were studied and analyzed.

First, several different types of distributed optical fiber vibration sensor based on

the theory of M-Z interference, Sagnac interference and the phase sensitive OTDR were

studied and analyzed. And then, the theory and model of Rayleigh backscattering light

interference in fiber were studied and analyzed. At the same time, the photodetection

techniques of direct detection and coherent detection were studied, which provides a

good theoretical support for Rayleigh backscattering light detection in this system.

Second, we have finished the system design of distributed optical fiber vibration

sensor based on the theory of Rayleigh backscattering light interference in fiber. We

also optimized the parameters of laser module, pulse modulation module, photoelectric

detection module, data acquisition module and data processing module. And the whole

system parameters were optimized in the end.

Then, the amplification method of Rayleigh backscattering was studied. And for

the first time, we introduced the time-varying gain amplification method to distributed

optical fiber vibration sensor based on the theory of Rayleigh backscattering light

interference. The amplification coefficient of amplifier is adjusted dynamically

according to the arriving time of Rayleigh backscattering light signals in optical fiber to

photodetector, and therefore a distributed compensation to backscattering light signals is

obtained in the end.

Finally, we studied the lateral locating method in distributed optical fiber vibration

sensor, and analyzed the characteristics of vibration in different sensing points of

sensing fiber. And we presented a novel lateral locating method for optical fiber

distributed vibration sensing system based on the theory of time difference of arriving.

The lateral location is calculated by the time difference to different sensing point of

sensing fiber. At the same time, the factors which will affect lateral locating accuracy

were analyzed and optimized.

Key Word: Optical fiber sensing, Rayleigh, Backscattering,

Interference, Vibration

目  录
中 文 摘 要
ABSTRACT
目       录
第一章 绪　论........................................................1
1 光纤传感器的背景情况..........................................1
2 分布式光纤传感器的研究进展....................................2
2.1 基于瑞利散射的分布式光纤传感器..........................3
2.2 基于拉曼散射的分布式光纤传感器..........................5
2.3 基于布里渊散射的分布式光纤传感器........................8
3 分布式光纤振动传感器的研究进展...............................14
3.1 基于 M-Z 干涉原理的分布式光纤振动传感器.................14
3.2 基于 Sagnac 干涉原理的分布式光纤振动传感器..............17
3.3 基于 OTDR 原理的分布式光纤振动传感器....................20
4 本文的研究内容...............................................22
第二章 基本理论.....................................................24
1 光纤中的散射理论.............................................24
1.1 光时域反射原理.........................................24
1.2 光纤中的后向散射光谱...................................26
2 瑞利后向散射理论.............................................29
3 基于瑞利后向散射光干涉的光纤振动传感.........................31
4 瑞利后向散射光的检测.........................................34
4.1 直接检测法.............................................34
4.2 相干检测法.............................................35
4.3 直接检测与相干检测的比较...............................37
5 本章小结.....................................................38
第三章 基于瑞利后向散射光干涉原理的分布式光纤振动传感器.............39
1 系统总体设计.................................................39
2 系统光源的设计和优化.........................................43
2.1 窄线宽激光器的参数设计和优化...........................43
2.2 窄线宽激光器的结构.....................................49
2.3 窄线宽激光器的测试和分析...............................50

3  光脉冲调制模块..............................................53
3.1 光脉冲调制技术.........................................54
3.2 光脉冲调制系统结构.....................................57
3.3 脉冲参数的设计和优化...................................58
4  脉冲光放大模块..............................................62
4.1 光纤放大器.............................................62
4.2 掺铒光纤放大原理.......................................63
4.3 EDFA 用于脉冲光放大的特性...............................64
5  光电检测模块设计............................................66
5.1 光电检测模块结构.......................................66
5.2 相干解调和平衡探测.....................................67
6  数据采集模块设计............................................69
6.1 数据采集模块的设计要求.................................69
6.2 数据采集模块总体设计...................................70
6.3 前置放大子模块.........................................72
6.4 A/D 转换子模块..........................................73
6.5 数据处理子模块.........................................73
7  数据处理....................................................74
7.1 数据预处理.............................................75
7.2 振动信号的处理.........................................77
7.3 算法处理...............................................78
8  本章小结....................................................81
第四章 瑞利后向散射信号放大技术研究.................................83
1  总体介绍....................................................83
2  瑞利后向散射光放大方法......................................83
3  放大模块设计................................................84
4  测试结果及分析..............................................87
5  本章小结....................................................90
第五章 分布式光纤振动传感器侧向定位技术研究.........................92
1  总体介绍....................................................92
2  侧向定位方法................................................92
3  侧向定位工作流程............................................94
4  测试结果及分析..............................................94

5.4.1 测试系统...............................................94
5.4.2 测试数据...............................................95
5.4.3 数据分析...............................................99
5.5  本章小结...................................................100
第六章 总结与展望..................................................102
参考文献...........................................................104

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摘要：

基于瑞利后向散射光干涉原理的分布式光纤振动传感器研究摘要分布式光纤振动传感器具有抗干扰能力强、传感距离长、传感单元无源等优点近年来引起了科研人员们的广泛关注。分布式光纤振动器是基于光在光纤中的干涉实现振动传感的,振动的传感和传输在同一根光纤内实现。本论文研究了基于光纤中瑞利后向散射光干涉原理的分布式光纤振动传感器，从后向散射光干涉理论系统设计、后向散射信号放大和振动信号侧向定位等几个方面进行了研究。首先，研究了几种不同类型的分布式光纤振动传感理论。对基于M-Z干涉原理的分布式光纤振动传感、基于Sagnac干涉原理的分布式光纤振动传感、基于相位敏感OTDR原理的分布式光纤振动传感进行了研究和分析...

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