“上海人”一词的词汇意义及社会文化解读

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Acknowledgements

None of this dissertation would have been possible without the help of those

individuals hereafter mentioned with gratitude.

First and foremost, the heartfelt thanks go to my supervisor, Professor Lu le, who

is always ready to offer inspiring suggestions on the thesis and sincere supports to my

everyday life. I have learned a lot from her both academically and behaviorally, which

are invaluable treasures in the way ahead. I am so lucky choosing her as my advisor.

Meanwhile, I am very grateful to all the Professors and instructors that have

encouraged and helped me during my growth. Without their generous hands and

passionate hearts, even the small progress now achieved by me would have been

inconceivable.

Deep appreciation must also go to all the friends and classmates, and participants

of the survey as well; their precious time and tolerant attitudes facilitate the dissertation

immensely.

Last but not the least; I am greatly indebted to my beloved parents. Because the

unconditional love and ceaseless supports absorbed from them have always been the

driving force for me to face everyday challenges.

Big thanks should be extended to this city and the adorable people living here.

摘要

上海是全国人民引以为豪的城市。但提到“上海人”这个词，很多人都会莫

名的情感冲动和各种各样的联想。到底哪类人群才是所谓的“上海人”？人们对

“上海人”一词主要有哪些联想？原因又是什么？

以语言学家杰弗里·N·利奇和莱昂斯关于词汇意义分类的相关理论，及

C.K.奥格登和 I.A.理查兹的语义三角理论为基本框架，结合社会文化学及认知语

言学的相关理论作为支撑，综合运用定性和定量分析的方法，针对以上种种问题

本论文试图从以下几方面进行研究：首先对“上海人”一词做出概念性的界定；

其次调查人们对“上海人”一词联想意义的主要内容及其情感方向（消极或积

极）；

最后分析产生这些联想意义的原因。

通过推理论证和两个阶段问卷调查的实证分析，结合 EXCELL 和 SPSS.17.0

的统计结果，本文认为：由于上海的发展历史及上海人口的复杂性，对“上海

人”一词做出十分精确的概念性的界定是很难的。但是为尽量保证定义的客观性

对“上海人”一词概念意义的界定应从历史发展的角度运用描述性语言来进行。

在确定了“上海人”一词的概念之后，经过第一次问卷调查得出人们对“上

海人”一词联想意义的内容主要有：现实，精明，时尚，算计，崇洋媚外，虚荣

排外，势利，优雅，傲慢等。统计表明人们对“上海人”一词联想的情感方向是

消极性大于积极性。对相等数量的三组外地人群（第一组从未与上海人接触过；

第二组在沪 1-4 年；第三组在沪 5-8 年）进行第二次问卷调查证明：三组人群对

“上海人”一词的联想意义有所不同；从第一组到第三组人群为顺序，多数消极

的联想逐渐向积极的方向转变。这说明直接的地域间文化交际对减少这种刻板的

联想作用巨大。

统计所有受试者的选项，本文得出造成这些联想意义的原因有：社会文化方

面首先是媒体，诸如娱乐节目，新闻和文学著作等的影响；其次，个人在社会化

过程中形成的群体价值观及对于本群体的从众效应和内群偏好心理的作用。人类

认知过程中归类的本能，易使人们拿个别案例作为原形或模型来对其它群体进行

以偏概全的泛化处理，也是对其它群体产生消极联想的一个潜伏因素。

本研究以“上海人”一词为突破口，希望对研究在中国地域群体间广泛存在

的刻板联想的现象，有一定的启发意义。

关键词：上海人概念意义联想意义媒体社会化归类

ABSTRACT

Shanghai is the most favorable city in China while unaccountable emotions and

associations would be inflamed if the term Shanghainese were to be mentioned.

However, disputes never stop concerning the suitable definition of the group. In

addition, many questions are not settled such as: what kinds of associations are excited

on the term? Are they mostly positive or negative? What are the origins for these

associations?

Framed on the theoretical classifications of lexical meaning by Geoffrey • N •

Leach & John Lyons, and the Triangle Theory proposed by C.K.Ogden and I.A.

Richards; supplemented by relevant theories from fields like Socio-cultural study and

Cognitive Linguistics, with the integrated use of qualitative and quantitative analysis

methods, this paper attempts to study the aforementioned questions from the following

aspects:

To define Shanghainese conceptually

To disclose the main content and the emotional orientation of the term

To summarize the reasons for these associations

By reasoning and empirical analysis of the survey, combined with statistical results

from EXCEL and SPSS.17.0, chief conclusions are secured as follows:

It is difficult to give an accurate definition for the term Shanghainese due to the

special history of Shanghai and the complexity of Shanghainese people. However the

fixation of Shanghainese could be advanced from the perspective of historical

development with the use of descriptive language in order to ensure impartiality and

non-subjectivity.

After the settlement of the conceptual meaning for Shanghainese, Major

associations of the word are demonstrated as below through two surveys: Interest-

oriented, astute, fashionable, calculative, worshipping foreign things, vainglorious, anti-

non-Shanghainese, snobbish, elegant, arrogant and so forth. After observing the results

of the two questionnaires, the author discovered that: it is chiefly negative as long as the

emotional orientation of the term is considered.

Three groups of non-Shanghainese were investigated (Group one have no contact

with Shanghainese people, Group two have spent four years in Shanghai, Group three

have been in Shanghai for five to eight years), the survey results show: Differences exist

among the three groups for the associative meaning of the term. A shift of negative

association to affirmative one has been verified and tested from group one via group

two to group three, which substantiates the tremendous role of direct intra-cultural

intercourse on reducing such unpleasant associations.

iii

By adding up all the options of the participants, some major reasons causing these

associations have been drawn: Socio-culturally speaking, it is the influence of such

Media as TV entertainments, News and literature works; and also by in-group

favoritism and in-group conformity cultured in the process of individual socialization.

Human instinct of categorization also plays a part, which means, people are apt to

generalize other group members by taking individual cases as the prototype or model of

that group. This is also a latent factor leading to negative associations of other groups.

The author considers the study of Shanghainese both as enlightenment for public

awareness and an invitation for further researches in the hope that the widespread

phenomena of these stereotypical associations among regional groups in China could be

widely realized and greatly decreased.

Key Words: Shanghainese, Conceptual Meaning, Associative Meaning,

Media, Socialization, Categorization

PRC People’s Republic of China

IAT Implicit Attitude Test

TSD-8 Test for Shanghai Dialect Band Eight

A.D. Anno Domini

DDiagram

FRM Free Reaction Measures

MCD Modern Chinese Dictionary

OALD Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

ANOVA (One-way) Analysis Of Variance

LSD Least-Significant Difference

H I/H II Half One / Half Two

List of Acronyms

Contents
Acknowledgements............................................................................................................i
摘要...................................................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................iii
List of Acronyms...............................................................................................................v
Contents............................................................................................................................vi
Chapter One Introduction..................................................................................................1
§1.1 Research Background............................................................................................1
§1.2 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................3
§1.3 Overall Structure of the Thesis..............................................................................4
Chapter Two Literature Review........................................................................................6
§2.1 Researches from Psychological Perspective..........................................................6
§2.2 Researches from Socio-Cultural Perspective.........................................................8
§2.2.1 Co-culture, Intra-cultural Communication and Attitudes.............................8
§2.2.2 Socialization, Conformity and Media.............................................................10
§2.3 Discussions of Shanghainese from Literature Works..........................................11
Chapter Three Theoretical Bases.....................................................................................15
§3.1 The Conceptual Theory........................................................................................15
§3.2 Categorization......................................................................................................16
§3.3 Main Types of Word Meaning.............................................................................18
§3.3.1 Grammatical Meaning........................................................................................19
§3.3.2 Lexical Meaning...................................................................................................19
§3.3.2.1 Conceptual Meaning.....................................................................19
§3.3.2.2 Associative Meaning....................................................................20
§3.3.3 A Primarily Combined Model of Word Meaning.........................................23
§3.4 A Combined Model for the Study........................................................................24
Chapter Four Conceptual Meaning of Shanghainese......................................................26
§4.1 Interpretations for Referent Shanghainese People...............................................26
§4.1.1 Instances of Different Interpretations.............................................................26
§4.1.2 Four types of Interpretation...............................................................................27
§4.1.2.1 The Descriptive Interpretation......................................................27
§4.1.2.2 The Stipulative Interpretation.......................................................28
§4.1.2.3 The Normative Interpretation.......................................................29
§4.1.2.4 The Persuasive Interpretation.......................................................31
§4.1.3 Analysis of the Four Interpretations................................................................32
§4.2 The Suggested Perspective of the Thesis.............................................................33
§4.2.1 Shanghainese as Immigrant..............................................................................34
§4.2.2 Evolution of the Term Shanghainese..............................................................36
vi

Chapter Five Experiment on the Associative Meaning of Shanghainese........................38
§5.1 The First Phase of the Experiment………………………………………………
38
§5.1.1 Material Collection.............................................................................................38
§5.1.2 Material Analysis.................................................................................................39
§5.2 The Second Phase of the Experiment……………………………………………
42
§5.2.1 Research Design..................................................................................................42
§5.2.2 Data Collection....................................................................................................45
§5.2.3 Data Analysis........................................................................................................46
§5.2.3.1 Negative Connotations on the Term Shanghainese......................46
§5.2.3.2 Differences of Opinion among the Three Groups........................48
§5.2.3.3 Transformation from Negation to Affirmation.............................50
§5.2.3.4 Bases for Negative Connotations.................................................57
§5.2.4 Reliability and Credibility of the Questionnaire..........................................62
Chapter Six Conclusion...................................................................................................64
§6.1 Tentative Conclusions..........................................................................................64
§6.1.1 Conceptual Meaning of Shanghainese...........................................................64
§6.1.2 Associative Meaning of Shanghainese...........................................................65
§6.1.3 Modification for the Theoretical Diagram.....................................................66
§6.1.4 Implications of the Thesis.................................................................................68
§6.2 Limitations of the Research.................................................................................68
§6.3 Future Research Suggestions...............................................................................69
Appendix I Questionnaires.............................................................................................................71
Appendix II Statistical Results......................................................................................................76
Appendix III Statistics for One-way ANOVA...........................................................................79
Bibliography....................................................................................................................83
在读期间公开发表的论文.............................................................................................86
vii

Bibliography

Chapter One Introduction

§1.1 Research Background

Shanghai as a modern and international city is always a source of pride for both

China in her developing stage and for Chinese people characterized for their

industriousness and bravery. Yet “Shanghai Nen” (pronounced in Shanghai dialect) or

Shanghainese as a big group of people has not got the equivalent treatment ever since

the found of the PRC. More specifically, Shanghainese is such a magic word that even

the mere mention of it would arouse all sorts of impulses and associations that are hard

to name and define. To be honest, most of these impulses and associations are negative

and unpleasant to the ears.

Pick up any literature work, hot debate online, TV talk show or soup opera, as long

as there is a theme on Shanghai Nen, the audience would spell no effort to get the

message about a typical, and more or less consistent image of Shanghainese: stingy and

haggling over every ounce，looking down upon the non-Shanghainese from the bottom

of their hearts ，overly emphasizing the importance of money ，worshipping foreign

things and fawning on foreign powers ，too interest-oriented when compared with

human affections such as true love and good character ， calculative yet not really

clever，loose and cold relations among friends and relatives，and admiring vanity.

The characteristics of a typical Shanghai man: too slim and gentle to have any

manhood , so much henpecked that the main decisions are made by woman, it is normal

to see a Shanghai man does woman’s jobs like buying vegetables and meat for cooking

in the market, babysitting the infant, and even washing the knickers for his wife, which

confused Taiwan writer Long Yingtai（1997）so much that she once made a lifelike

portrait over the episode.

The characteristics of a typical Shanghai woman could be depicted by three

Chinese characters “嗲、作、精” , by which it means “affectedly sweet, pretentious in

behavior ，astute and shrewd”. Take a popular soup opera Hidden Spy (潜伏 ) for

example, Mrs. Ma was portrayed as a Shanghai woman feeling superior and getting her

guests to eat moldy dessert.

The Lexical Meaning of Shanghainese and Its Socio-cultural Interpretations

As sayings go “The tongue is not steel, yet it cuts” “Give a dog an ill name and

hang him”，these associations result in unpleasant stereotyped image of Shanghainese

in the mind of Chinese people, which gradually flows into a stream of flood rushing all

over the Chinese territory. They may well develop into prejudice and discrimination

against Shanghainese. Recently one very popular comic of " 海派清口"—Zhou Libo

had a very brilliant summary when referring to the phenomenon ， “to a Shanghai

Nen, the highest praise is to tell him that he does not look like a

Shanghainese”(http://sh.sina.com.cn/citylink/ed/l/2009-06-19/15072503.html).Of

course this is not the destination we Chinese want to head for since now we are striving

for a harmonious society in which all people regardless of their ethnic groups and

geographical differences can live in harmony with each other.

2010 Shanghai Exposition provides an excellent opportunity for people from not

just within China but all around the world to get to know Shanghai—a potential

international trade and financial center, and more importantly the true Shanghai Nen as

well. Expo will promote the image of Shanghainese indirectly through the enhancement

of the country’s image as well as the city’s image. By 2020, Shanghai as an

international metropolis will become trade and financial center of the world, yet one of

the indicators of which is a change on the image of Shanghai Nen. Perhaps our

competitors are not cities as New York, London, Paris, or Tokyo, but we ourselves---

thus remarked Chen Xinkang ( 杨金志 ,战嘉琦 , 2009), President of the Research

Institute of Shanghai World Expo from Shanghai University of Finance.

How to make a change of the stereotyped image of Shanghai Nen is yet a harsh

question still unsettled. It is everyone’s belief that the characteristics listed above are

just individual observations by writers, literates and individuals, or negatively

exaggerated by TV programs for artistic effects, or out of human innate categorizing

capability, or due to the lack of mutual communication, because none of the fallacies

has been proved by any systematical experiment or study. Therefore in his article titled

Shanghai Nen, the famous Shanghainese scholar Yu Qiuyu(1992) firmly held that

“Since the beginning of modern Chinese history , Shanghai Nen as a group has always

been in a most embarrassing situation, and it could be a heavy task of contemporary

Chinese cultural study to dissect the group”(pp161-182). However, sarcastically this

existent phenomenon seems to be an all-known fact among Chinese people with almost

no one trying to break the ice.

Whatever stereotyped images people may hold, when you get chances to ask them

any one of the following questions, they would give you some confusing and

contradictory answers, which suggest one common thing they all have --that is, their

understandings about the concept Shanghai Nen are rather unclear and fuzzy. Questions

like: Which group of people do we precisely mean when the term is referred to? Or in

other words, what is the conceptual meaning of Shanghai Nen? Which group is the so

called prototypical Shanghai Nen? What are the associative meanings derived from the

concept of Shanghai Nen? Are these meanings stereotyped and different from person to

person? What are the underlying reasons that could account for these associative

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AcknowledgementsNoneofthisdissertationwouldhavebeenpossiblewithoutthehelpofthoseindividualshereaftermentionedwithgratitude.Firstandforemost,theheartfeltthanksgotomysupervisor,ProfessorLule,whoisalwaysreadytoofferinspiringsuggestionsonthethesisandsinceresupportstomyeverydaylife.Ihavelearnedalotfromhe...

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