“天天向上”电视节目中语码转换

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摘要

随着全球经济快速发展和信息交流的扩大，各种语言接触现象也越来越多。

在日常生活中，尤其是双语甚至多语的言语社团里，在一次对话或谈话中，经常

出现一种语言或语言变体转换成另外一种语言或语言变体的现象，语言学家把这

种现象称为“语码转换”。自 20 世纪 50 年代起，这种独特的语言现象就成为语言

学家关注的热点。学者们从不同的研究视角如社会语言学，心理语言学，句法学

会话分析, 语用学等对语码转换现象进行了一系列的研究并取得了一定成果 , 但是

这些研究方法都仅从某一侧面分析了语码转换.近年来，一种从语用学角度来分析

这一现象的方法便应运而生。这种研究方法能揭示整个语言使用的动态过程，充

分地将语言现象的描述和解释结合起来，为这一研究领域开辟了新的思路。

Jef Verschueren 提出的语言顺应理论便是这一研究方法中的杰出代表，他指出

语码转换作为语言选择的一种，具有顺应性，商讨性和变异性的特点。而国内学

者于国栋也以此理论为依据并通过一系列的中英语码转换现象的研究，提出了语

码转换的顺应性模式，即语码转换的使用实质上是对语言现实，社会规约和心理

动机的顺应。这一模式为语码转换的研究提供了一个动态研究的理论框架。本文便

从语用学的研究视角，以此理论模式为基础，对湖南卫视节目《天天向上》—中国

最受欢迎的脱口秀节目中的语码转换现象做出一定的研究。

本文采用定量分析与定性分析的研究方法试图回答“节目中语码转换的语法特

征是什么？” “为什么进行语码转换？” 和“如何进行语码转换？”

这三个预设性问题。研究期间收集并整理了《天天向上》2009 年至 2010 年6月共

52 期有效节目，时长约 110 个小时，并着重分析出现了语码转换的对话片段。首

先对这些语料分类进行数据统计并找出其特有句法形态特征，对节目中出现的这

一语言现象有一定初步认识。语码转换的出现不是随意的，其形式也不是杂乱无

章的；而是有一定的语言结构规则。而后在语言顺应理论的支持下，对具体的语

码转换对话实例进行剖析，旨在发现其功能及动机。大量的实例分析表明，语码

转换是人们交际中特有的一种语言策略。节目中出现的各种形式的语码转换现象

是对语言、社会、认知因素的顺应，实现各种语用交际功能如填补语言空缺、拉近

或疏远社会距离、制造幽默、加强话语、避讳等。

关键词：语码转换顺应性语言现实社会规约心理动机《天天向

上》电视节目

List of Tables & Figures

Figure3-1……………………… ……….………………….…………………………..20

Table 4-1………………………… ………………….…………….……………...……29

Table 4-2…………………………………………….…………….……………………30

Table 4-3…………………………………………………………….…………….……31

Contents
Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................i
摘要...............................................................................................................................iv
List of Tables & Figures...............................................................................................v
Chapter One Introduction...........................................................................................1
1 Research Background........................................................................................1
2 Rationale and Aim of the Study........................................................................2
3 Organization of the Thesis................................................................................3
Chapter Two Literature Review.................................................................................4
1 Definition of CS................................................................................................4
2 Classifications of CS.........................................................................................6
3 Other Notions Related with CS....................................................................................7
3.1 CS vs. Code Mixing................................................................................7
3.2 CS vs. Borrowing....................................................................................8
3.3 CS vs. Bilingualism.............................................................................................9
4 Previous Researches on CS.........................................................................................10
4.1 Related Studies Abroad.........................................................................10
4.1.1 The Grammatical Approach......................................................................10
4.1.2 The Sociolinguistic Approach......................................................12
4.1.3 The Psycholinguistic Approach............................................................13
4.1.4 The Conversational Approach......................................................14
4.1.5 The Pragmatic Approach..............................................................15
4.2 Related Studies at Home..................................................................................15
Chapter Three Theoretical Framework of the Study.............................................17
1 Jef Verschueren’s Linguistic Adaptation Theory............................................17
2 Yu Guodong’s Adaptation Model....................................................................19
3 CS as Realization of Adaptation................................................................................21
3.1 Adaptation to Linguistic Reality...........................................................21
3.2 Adaptation to Social Conventions.........................................................21
3.3 Adaptation to Psychological Motivations.............................................21
Chapter Four Data Collection and Description......................................................24
1 Introduction to the TV program......................................................................24
2 Data Collection and Processing.......................................................................24
3 Grammatical Characteristics of the Data.................................................................24
3.1 Types of CS in Day Day Up..................................................................27
3.2 Syntactical Features of CS Elements in Day Day Up...............................30
Chapter Five Adaptation Analysis of CS in Day Day Up.......................................34
1 CS as Adaptation to Linguistic Reality...........................................................34
1.1 Filling Lexical Gap................................................................................35
1.2 Quotation...............................................................................................36

1.3 Mentioning Proper Words................................................................................37
2 CS as Adaptation to Social Conventions.........................................................37
2.1 Widening or Shortening Social Distance..............................................38
2.2 Euphemism............................................................................................39
2.3 Elevating Social Status.....................................................................................39
3 CS as Adaptation to Psychological Motivations.............................................39
3.1 Humor Creation.....................................................................................40
3.2 Emphasis...............................................................................................41
3.3 Convenience..........................................................................................41
3.4 Fashion..................................................................................................42
3.5 Tone-softening....................................................................................................42
Chapter Five Conclusion...........................................................................................44
1 Findings of the Present Study..........................................................................44
2 Limitations of the Present Study.....................................................................45
3 Suggestions for Future Study......................................................................................46
Bibliograghy................................................................................................................47
Appendix.....................................................................................................................50
在读期间公开发表的论文..........................................................................................56
 

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 Research Background

With the strengthening of China’s reform and opening up policy and the great

acceleration of globalization, China has a great many of contacts with the outside world

and Chinese have been frequently involved in the dynamic contact with foreign

languages. Nowadays it is common for people to use several languages or language

varieties in course of daily conversation, internet, television programs, magazines,

advertisements, poplar songs and so on. This language contact phenomenon is called

code switching (hereafter CS), which refers to the alternative use between two or more

languages or language varieties by bilingual or multilingual speakers in the conversation

or discourse.

First observation on CS begins in the early decades of the twenties century. By the

1970s, research on CS has become much more widespread and different explanations

have been put forward into this new research field. Linguists treat CS as

communicator’s language and have explored this phenomenon from different linguistic

perspectives such as morph syntax, sociolinguistics, conversational analysis,

psycholinguistics and pragmatics. And so far, all above approaches have contributed to

the perception of CS and reveal some linguistic or nonlinguistic facts of CS. Among

them, the pragmatic approach is relatively an ideal analysis for CS which has

simultaneously involved social, psychological, linguistic, cultural factors in a dynamic

context.

The more convincing and promising research in pragmatic field is Jef

Verschueren’s Theory of Adaptation, put forward in his book understanding pragmatics.

It finely defines the motivations and functions behind the communicators’ performances

of CS. Based on Jef Verschueren’s theory, Chinese linguistic researcher Yu

Guodong(2001) advances Adaptation Model for CS study which classifies three

adaptation models: adaptation to the linguistic reality, adaptation to the social

conventions and adaptation to the psychological motivations. Taking Yu Guodong’s

Adaptation Model as the theoretical basis, this thesis will analyze the CS phenomenon

in the TV program Day Day Up from the pragmatic perspective.

1.2 Rationale and Aim of the Study

The use of CS manifests that language is open to change and also shows the

diversity of language. Language is the tool for human communication. People from

different speech communities have frequent communications for some political, cultural

On the Code Switching of the TV Program Day Day Up

and economic reasons, which unavoidably lead to the language contact. The research

into the phenomenon of CS is important to the understanding of bilingual’s

communicative competence as well as the language change.

In recent years, more and more researches of CS have been done on English class,

literature works, newspapers, magazines and business documents but less on daily

conversations and TV programs because written corpus is more stable and convenient

for collection and study compared with oral corpus. In fact, TV program is a good

corpus to probe into the linguistic phenomenon of CS. Many people choose watching

TV as their leisure entertainment and media can reflect the most recent trends and

fashions in the society. What’s more, as a TV talk show program, it has very natural and

affected style. There are frequent and plenty of interactive communications between

hosts and guests, so it is possible to collect authentic and reliable data, which can make

the research effective enough.

With above considerations, the present study will choose the TV talk show Day

Day Up, one of the high audience rating programs in mainland China, to make a

detailed analysis and aims to get the following objectives.

Firstly, by describing the diverse CS distribution patterns in the collected corpus,

the study attempts to show the general linguistic features of CS. This can deepen

knowledge about the occurrence of CS in communication, especially in oral speech.

Secondly, to identify the users’ attitudes toward this phenomenon and find out the

main reasons that affect their use of CS and to figure out the major motivations for the

use of CS in conversations.

Thirdly, to test the validity and feasibility of Yu’s Adaptation Model by focusing on

TV talk show, and to see whether this model can really provide us with a more

comprehensive explanation to the CS.

1.3 Organization of the Thesis

The thesis can be divided into six chapters. The first three chapters are the

theoretical foundations of the research; Chapter four and Chapter five are the main body

of the thesis which analyze the CS with the corpus as the realization of linguistic

adaptation; Chapter six is the conclusion of this research.

Chapter One serves as a general introduction to the background of the research and

describes the rationale and objectives of the present study. Meanwhile, organization of

the thesis is illustrated.

Chapter Two presents a review of the relevant literature. It first discusses the

definitions of CS given by former linguists. Then it points out some distinctions

between CS and other related terms. Various kinds of research approaches to CS will

also be discussed.

Chapter Three focuses on the theoretical framework of the study—Jef

Verschueren’s(1999) Theory of Linguistic Adapatation and Yu Guodong’s (2001)

Adaptation Model in detail.

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摘要：

摘要随着全球经济快速发展和信息交流的扩大，各种语言接触现象也越来越多。在日常生活中，尤其是双语甚至多语的言语社团里，在一次对话或谈话中，经常出现一种语言或语言变体转换成另外一种语言或语言变体的现象，语言学家把这种现象称为“语码转换”。自20世纪50年代起，这种独特的语言现象就成为语言学家关注的热点。学者们从不同的研究视角如社会语言学，心理语言学，句法学会话分析,语用学等对语码转换现象进行了一系列的研究并取得了一定成果,但是这些研究方法都仅从某一侧面分析了语码转换.近年来，一种从语用学角度来分析这一现象的方法便应运而生。这种研究方法能揭示整个语言使用的动态过程，充分地将语言现象的描述和解释结合起...

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