从批评语篇分析看美国主流媒体中的中国形象-----《时代》周刊2002-2008年涉华报道的跨文化探究
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摘 要
在国际社会中，大众传媒对塑造一个国家的形象扮演了举足轻重的作用，特别
是美国的主流媒体，凭借着先进的传播技术、丰富的传播经验以及雄厚的经济实力，
对中国国家形象的塑造起着不可忽视的作用。
人们的固有观念认为：美国主流媒体下的中国国家形象一直以来是负面和消极
的，从而严重影响了中国在世界范围内的客观形象。究其根本，造成这一现象的原
因有很多，例如：中西方不同的文化价值体系等。本文旨在对这一观念进行深入探
讨。
本文选取了《时代》周刊这一最具代表性的美国杂志为素材，收集并整理了其
亚洲版 2002 年至 2008 年所有的涉华报道，从批评话语分析的角度，定量分析和定
性分析两个维度，来分析近七年来美国主流媒体中的中国国家形象。定量分析主要
侧重美国媒体对中国的关注程度；定性分析建立在批评话语分析的理论基础上，分
别选取了涉及文化、经济和社会方面的三篇文章，从词汇、语法和结构的视角进行
分析。笔者还结合社会、文化和意识形态对此进行了更深一步的阐述。
本文希望对“英语杂志报刊阅读”这门课程的教授有一定的积极作用。批评话
语分析这一理论在实际教学中的应用不但可以帮助学生提升批评分析意识，并且引
导学生更深入透彻地读懂英语报刊杂志上的文章，这也是本研究的实际意义所在。
关键词：批评话语分析 意识形态 新闻语篇 中国国家形象 美国主流
媒体
ABSTRACT
Mass communication functions significantly in constructing the image of a country
in international community. It is especially true of the mainstream media of the United
States, with its advanced transmission channels, rich transmission experience and
powerful economic strength.
This paper aims to explore into the general belief that China-related news reports by
American media have been mostly negative and distorted for various reasons such as
discrepancy of value systems and the accusations of China on such issues as “abuse of
human rights”, strongly affecting the objective understanding of China in the world.
The present research is meant to decode China’s national image reflected in the
reports in Asia edition of Time magazine of the United States, chosen from 2002 to 2008.
The research is carried out--both quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative
research is made to understand how important China is from the perspective of the
American media. And the qualitative research is done on the basis of critical discourse
analysis theories by investigating three pieces of news covering cultural, economic and
social issues from lexical, grammatical and structural perspectives. Furthermore,
interpretation and explanation are given against social-cultural as well as ideological
context.
The research is hoped to throw light on the teaching of the course English Journal
Reading for English majors and journalism majors. The tools of critical discourse
analysis can be applied to the actual teaching to help students to cultivate critical
discourse awareness so as to have a better and deeper understanding of value-loaded
news reports.
Key Word: critical discourse analysis, ideology, news discourse, China’s
national image, American mainstream media
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
中文摘要
ABSTRACT
Chapter One Introduction…………………………………………………………... ..
1
§1.1 Purpose of the Thesis…………………………………………………………..
1
§1.2 Organization of the Thesis……………………………………………………
2
Chapter Two Literature Review………………………………………………………
4
§2.1 Studies on News Reports………………………………………………………
4
§2.1.1 Notion and Classification of News Reports……………………………
4
§2.1.2 Nature and Distinctive Features of News Reports………………………
6
§2.1.3 Previous Studies on News Reports………………………………………
6
§2.2 Studies on Critical Discourse Analysis………………………………………
8
§2.2.1 Notion of Critical Discourse Analysis…………………………………
8
§2.2.2 Previous Studies on Critical Discourse Analysis………………………
9
Chapter Three Theoretical Framework……………………………………………
12
§3.1 Fairclough's Model for CDA: Three-dimensional Model……………………
12
§3.2 Halliday's Model for CDA: Systemic-functional Grammar…………………
14
§3.2.1 SFG’s Major Concepts for CDA…………………………………………
14
§3.2.2 Three Metafunctions of Language………………………………………
15
§3.2.2.1 The Ideational Metafunction…………………………………………
15
§3.2.2.2 The Interpersonal Metafunction………………………………………
19
§3.2.2.3 The Textual Metafunction……………………………………………
20
§3.3 Summary……………………………………………………………………
21
Chapter Four Decoding China’s Image in American Mainstream Media ………
23
§4.1 Sample Selection and Data Collection…………………………………………
23
§4.2 Quantitative Analysis…………………………………………………………
25
§4.3 Qualitative Analysis……………………………………………………………
30
§4.3.1 Critical Analysis of Sample I…………………………………………
31
§4.3.1.1 Description…………………………………………………………
32
§4.3.1.2 Interpretation and Explanation………………………………………
36
§4.3.2 Critical Analysis of Sample II…………………………………………
38
§4.3.2.1 Description…………………………………………………………
38
§4.3.2.2 Interpretation and Explanation……………………………………
41
§4.3.3 Critical Analysis of Sample III……………… ……………………
43
§4.3.3.1 Description………………………………… …………………
43
§4.3.3.2 Interpretation and Explanation……………………………………
47
§4.4 Summary ……………………………………………………………………
47
Chapter Five Conclusion………………………………………………………………
49
§5.1 Major Findings…………………………………………………………………
49
§5.2 Significance and Implications of the Present Research………………………
52
§5.2.1 Linguistic Significance…………………………………………………
52
§5.2.2 Pedagogical Significance………………………………………………
52
§5.2.3 Intercultural Significance………………………………………………
53
§5.2.4 Political Significance……………………………………………………
53
§5.3 Limitations of the Present Research…………………………………………
54
§5.4 Suggestions for Further Research……………………………………………
55
Appendix: Full Texts of the Samples………………………………………………
56
References……………………………………………………………………………
66
在读期间公开发表的论文……………………………………………………………
69
Chapter One Introduction
1
Chapter One Introduction
§1.1 Purpose of the Thesis
The present thesis is meant to decode China’s image in American mainstream
media based on critical discourse analysis, taking China-related news reports in famous
Time magazine of the United States from 2002 to 2008. The goal is to detect how
China’s national image is discursively constructed in the Asia edition of Time magazine,
and whether there is still a negative image referring to China as ever. And meanwhile,
this paper will facilitate readers to scrutinize and demystify the exercise of power and
concealed ideology in news discourse as well.
The construction of national image, to a certain extent, exerts much influence on
culture exchange, and diplomatic relations of one country with others, then what is the
exact definition of national image? According to Boulding,K.E (1959), national image,
broadly speaking, is a result of information dissemination as well as a process of social
transmission; it incorporates a series of information input and output of
self-identification in the international system. National image fundamentally depends on
the overall strength of a country, however, when a country’ image is interpreted by
international public, the things are far from objective, it can be subjective. Therefore,
news reports, as one major channel for other countries to get to know China, play an
indispensible and crucial role in constructing China’s national image in the international
society. Furthermore, China’s national image, as one part of its soft power, is also a
measurement of its political diplomacy.
China and the United States are respectively the biggest developing and developed
countries in the world. In the meantime, American media enjoy the leading position and
privilege in information dissemination with its irreplaceable strength of wide spread, the
influence upon the whole world as well as economic power and technology, from this
point of view, how China’s image is discursively constructed in Time Magazine of the
United States is of great significance.
When we mention China’ image in American mainstream media, the most
frequently used terms are “negative”, “distorted”, “biased” and the like. That is to say,
they lay more emphasis on the negative aspects of China. What are the profound
Decoding China’s Image in American Mainstream Media Based on Critical Discourse Analysis
-with Reference to China-related Reports in Time Magazine from 2002 to 2008
2
reasons behind their reports of such kind? And now has this phenomenon ever changed?
What’s more, how do they portray China’s image after entering the new millennium,
especially in the year 2008? What is the new tendency of their reporting towards China
in the near future?
This thesis will employ critical discourse analysis to illustrate and expound
American mainstream media’s portrayal of China. On the other hand, the author tries to
unveil how ideology controls discourse and contrarily how discourse counter-controls
ideology and how the two interact to serve the society. In this thesis, special emphasis
will be laid on the discussion of the answers to the following two questions:
1. What is the exact portrayal of China’s image in American mainstream
media?
2. And what are the profound reasons behind such kind of image?
§1.2 Organization of the Thesis
This thesis is made up of five chapters:
Chapter one is the introduction part, presenting the purpose as well as the
organization of the thesis.
Chapter two is the literature review, illustrating the notion of news reports and
tracing the history of critical discourse analysis. This part could be subdivided into two
sections. In the first section, the definition and classification of news articles as well as
its distinctive features are introduced and then previous studies on news reports are
expounded. The second section discusses the notion of critical discourse analysis and
what have been done by pioneer practitioners both at home and aboard so far.
Chapter three is the theoretical framework of the thesis. Both M.A.K Halliday’s
systemic- functional grammar and Fairclough’s three-dimension model are introduced
in details. Then based on the Systemic Functional Grammar as well as three-dimension
model, an overall model incorporating the above two theories is proposed by the author.
In the following chapter, this integrated model is applied to uncover how ideology
controls news reports, thus finding out China’s image portrayed in American
mainstream media.
Chapter four is the nuclear part of this thesis. After the brief introduction of sample
selection as well as data collection, the quantitative analysis is carried out, including the
Chapter One Introduction
3
overall tendency of China-related reports and topic distribution from 2002 to 2008.
What follows is the qualitative analysis. In this section, three samples concerning hot
news in China in 2008 like Beijing Olympic Games, China’s reaction to the global
economic crisis and Wenchuan earthquake are picked out for deep analysis.
Chapter five draws the conclusion. Firstly, the answers to the two questions
proposed in chapter one are reemphasized and the concrete reasons are summarized.
After that, the author points out the implications not only from linguistic perspective,
but also intercultural and political perspective, especially from pedagogical point of
view. The limitations of the present research and at the same time some suggestions for
future research are given.
Decoding China’s Image in American Mainstream Media Based on Critical Discourse Analysis
-with Reference to China-related Reports in Time Magazine from 2002 to 2008
4
Chapter Two Literature Review
In this chapter, both the history of studies on news and critical discourse analysis is
traced, and points of views held by practitioners home and aboard so far is presented as
well.
§2.1 Studies on News Reports
§2.1.1 Notion and Classification of News Reports
The 21st century, is regarded as a new information era. With access to the Internet
as well as various kinds of media, we could catch what happened and what are
happening in every corner of the world. Therefore, news plays an indispensible and
crucial role in our daily life, for news build the bridge between us and the outside world.
Whenever we watch TV, read magazines and newspapers, or surf the Internet, or even
listen to the radio, we are bombarded with various kinds of news.
However, what is the definition of news? Despite many efforts, no neat and
satisfactory answer to that question has been found. In brief, according to Liu Juan
(2007, p5), news can be defined from the following two perspectives- journalistic
perspective and linguistic perspective.
On the one hand, i.e. from the linguistic point of view, according to Oxford
Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (7th edition), news could be defined as:
a. New information about something that has happened recently.
b. Reports of recent events that appear in newspaper or on television or radio.
c. The news: a regular television or radio broadcast of the latest news.
d. A person, thing or event that is considered to be interesting enough to be
reported as news.
According to Wikipedia ( the free encyclopedia on line) , news is defined as “ any
new information or information on current events which is presented by prints,
broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third party or mass audience.” – These two
definitions are given from the linguistic perspective.
On the other hand, Kathleen, H.J and Karlyn, K.C (2007, p40), two famous
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摘要在国际社会中，大众传媒对塑造一个国家的形象扮演了举足轻重的作用，特别是美国的主流媒体，凭借着先进的传播技术、丰富的传播经验以及雄厚的经济实力，对中国国家形象的塑造起着不可忽视的作用。人们的固有观念认为：美国主流媒体下的中国国家形象一直以来是负面和消极的，从而严重影响了中国在世界范围内的客观形象。究其根本，造成这一现象的原因有很多，例如：中西方不同的文化价值体系等。本文旨在对这一观念进行深入探讨。本文选取了《时代》周刊这一最具代表性的美国杂志为素材，收集并整理了其亚洲版2002年至2008年所有的涉华报道，从批评话语分析的角度，定量分析和定性分析两个维度，来分析近七年来美国主流媒体中的中国国...
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