画像、虫、兽--- 西方现代主义文学中的“变形”和

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摘要

西方现代主义文学兴起于 19 世纪末，真实地反映了西方现代社会的矛盾。尽

管现代派作家不是用真、善、美的眼光，而是用恶的眼光来看待现实，但是他们

对西方现代社会现实的反映仍然达到了一定的深度和广度，表现了近 100 年来资

本主义社会的混乱、荒诞、无理性，尤其是反映了资本主义社会中人变为非人的

“异化”现象。

异化一直是人类社会中普遍存在的问题，也是现代主义作家笔下的一个共同

主题，其中现代主义文学早期的唯美主义作家奥斯卡·王尔德的《道连·格雷的

画像》，奥地利著名小说家弗朗兹·卡夫卡的《变形记》和法国荒诞派戏剧家尤

金·尤涅斯库的《犀牛》虽取向不同、风格各异，但都是通过“变形”将资本主

义社会中人的异化演绎得惊心动魄，发人深省。

异化，学界一般认为，就是事物离开或丧失了自己的本质，走向其反面，是

人类社会，尤其是现代资本主义社会中普遍存在的问题。然而，随着经济的高速

发展，随着人类精神提升与物欲追求的脱节，尤其是面对生活的压力和生活本身，

我们这个东方国度也开始有越来越多的人濒临或深陷于彷徨、矛盾和普遍存在的

精神危机中，异化现象也早已不是西方资本主义国家独有的社会现象，异化已经

渗入我们的生活并以各种方式表现出来。因此，对现代人来说，在享受经济繁荣

的同时，该怎样发展我们的社会和我们自身，怎样保持我们作为人的实质性存在

是个迫切和值得深思的问题。

着眼于“变形”与“异化”，本文首先对文学上的“变形”进行了探讨，然后

就“异化”的不同概念及其在文本中的不同表现展开研究，并从社会与心理两方

面分析了其产生的原因。最后，文章借助于“画像、虫、兽”三种意象诠释了三

部作品所达到的荒诞与真实具存的艺术境界，并最终导出有关人类异化的某种规

律性，即依文本时序，人的异化呈现出由内到外，由个别到群体，由矛盾、抗争

到麻木、投降的可怕趋向。同时，王尔德的《道连·格雷的画像》对人的这种异

化趋向又起到一种首尾相接的注释作用：以灵与肉的镜式搏斗始，以善（霍尔华

德）与恶（道连，其美已被消解）的死亡终，但存留下来的是什么呢？是欲望（亨

利），极度的和危险的欲望，而这种欲望正是许多现代人梦想和追逐的…… 由此，

文学中的异化不仅反映了社会的异化，而且，谁能说，这不是有责任感的现代主

义作家们对当今人类“物化”与“异化”的担忧和预警呢？

因此，立足于三部作品，该论文意图通过西方现代主义文学中的“变形”，

透视和彰显某种有关人类“异化”的趋向性和规律性，以寻求解决和给予警戒。

关键词：现代主义文学变形异化画像虫兽

iii

ABSTRACT

Born in the closing of the 19th century, Western Modernist literature realistically

exposes various contradictions existing in European-American countries – the chaos,

the absurdity as well as the irrationality that has continued in West for more than a

hundred years. Besides, Western Modernist literature especially tends to expose the

phenomenon of humans’ being estranged or dehumanized into non-humans, namely the

phenomenon of alienation.

Alienation as a social problem was noticed long ago. During the period of

Modernism, alienation further became a common theme of modernist writing. Among

many modernist works, comparable are the three works: The Picture of Dorian Gray by

Oscar Wilde, British writer; The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, Austrian writer; and

Rhinoceros by Eugene Ionesco, French playwright. Though the three works are

different on surface, there is a common point that they all describe a certain

transformation, through which performed the phenomenon of human alienation.

In academy, alienation means the phenomenon that a thing departs or deviates

from its essence and goes to the opposite. Usually, the phenomenon of alienation is

very popular in Western countries; yet with the rapid development of economy, with

the out of joint between human spiritual and material pursuit, and especially when

confronted with the pressure of life itself, there appear more and more people falling in

doubt, disappointment, cynicism or other spiritual crises even in China, such an ancient

oriental country. So, nowadays alienation has spread beyond capitalist countries and is

penetrating into our life. For people exposed to opulent material enjoyment, problems

of how to develop our society and ourselves and how to maintain our independent

existence as free humankind are more urgent and merit a good meditation.

Focusing on “alienation” and on its external form “transformation”, the thesis

first explores the different facets of transformation; then it discusses alienation in

details including its different intentions, its representations in the three texts and its

possible reasons from the perspective of psychology and society; last, with the analysis

of the three imageries: the picture, the beetle and the beast, the thesis not only

illustrates the three works’ achievements – reaching the artistic realm of being both

absurd and true, but based on all the above analysis deduces ultimately the rules about

human alienation.

According to literary researches on the three texts, and from an angle of

analytical-psychology and social existence, the thesis aims at catching some certain

regularity of human alienation in order to warn and to find a way to make the problem

solved by the world.

Keywords: Modernist literature，transformation, alienation, picture,

beetle, beast

Contents

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... i

摘要 ................................................................................................................................ ii

Abatract…………………………………………………………………………...……iii

Chapter One Introduction ..............................................................................................1

§1.1 Background and Brief Account of Modernist literature .................................... 1

§1.2 Alienation and Some Works Concerned ............................................................ 1

§1.3 General Opinion of the Three Texts...................................................................3

§1.4 Purpose of the Thesis ......................................................................................... 5

Chapter Two Transformation ........................................................................................ 6

§2.1 “Transformation” in Romanticism .....................................................................6

§2.1.1 Happy Endings and Aesthetic Feelings .......................................................................6

§2.1.2 Individual Fulfillment and Completion ...................................................................... 7

§2.2 “Transformation” in Modernism ........................................................................8

§2.2.1 Sad Endings and World’s Disorder and Ugliness ....................................................... 8

§2.2.2 Modern People’ Helplessness and Disillusionment ....................................................8

§2.3 Analysis of Transformation within the Three Works ......................................... 9

§2.3.1 Transformation in The Picture of Dorian Gray .......................................................... 9

§2.3.2 Transformations in The Metamorphosis and Rhinoceros ......................................... 12

Chapter Three Alienation .............................................................................................18

§3.1 Interpretations of Alienation ............................................................................ 18

§3.1.1 Philosophical Definition of Alienation ..................................................................... 18

§3.1.2 Sociological Origin of Alienation ............................................................................. 19

§3.2 Alienation within the Three Works .................................................................. 19

§3.2.1 Alienation of Dorian Gray .........................................................................................20

§3.2.3 Alienation in Rhinoceros ...........................................................................................25

§3.3 Reasons for Alienation ..................................................................................... 26

§3.3.1 Psychological reason .................................................................................................26

§3.3.2 Social reason ............................................................................................................. 27

Chapter Four Picture, Beetle, Beast ....................................................................... 29

§4.1. Imageries of the Picture, the Beetle and the Beast ..........................................29

§4.1.1 Imagery of the Picture ...............................................................................................29

§4.1.2 Imagery of the Beetle ................................................................................................30

§4.1.3 Imagery of the Beast ................................................................................................. 34

§4.2 Effect of Being both Absurd and True ............................................................. 35

§4.2.1 Effect of Being Absurd ..............................................................................................36

§4.2.2 Effect of Being True ..................................................................................................37

Chapter Five Conclusion .............................................................................................. 39

§5.1 Course of Human Alienation ........................................................................... 40

§5.2 Degree of Human Alienation ........................................................................... 40

§5.3 Heroes’ Responses to Alienation ......................................................................40

§5.4 Significance of the Thesis……………………………………………..……..42

Bibliography………………………………………...…………………………………43

在读期间公开发表论文……………………………………………………………….45

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摘要：

ii摘要西方现代主义文学兴起于19世纪末，真实地反映了西方现代社会的矛盾。尽管现代派作家不是用真、善、美的眼光，而是用恶的眼光来看待现实，但是他们对西方现代社会现实的反映仍然达到了一定的深度和广度，表现了近100年来资本主义社会的混乱、荒诞、无理性，尤其是反映了资本主义社会中人变为非人的“异化”现象。异化一直是人类社会中普遍存在的问题，也是现代主义作家笔下的一个共同主题，其中现代主义文学早期的唯美主义作家奥斯卡·王尔德的《道连·格雷的画像》，奥地利著名小说家弗朗兹·卡夫卡的《变形记》和法国荒诞派戏剧家尤金·尤涅斯库的《犀牛》虽取向不同、风格各异，但都是通过“变形”将资本主义社会中人的异化演绎得...

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