就业视角下上海市民办高校专业设置问题研究

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摘要

我国民办高校自 80 年代重新崛起以来，发展至今，已成为我国高等教育重要

组成部分。对民办高校来说，招生和就业直接关系着民办高校的生存与发展，而

专业设置是社会需求与实际教学工作紧密结合的纽带，是学校教学工作主动、灵

活地适应社会需求的关键环节，因此对就业视角下专业设置的规律和运行方式进

行研究，对民办高校的成功办学有着极其重要的意义。换言之，科学合理的专业

设置既是民办高校为经济、社会有效服务的关键，也是民办高校自身生存和发展

的基础，在很大程度上影响着学校的招生和就业。我国民办高校目前还处于发展

阶段，专业设置未能真正地以市场为导向，因此本文从就业的角度出发，立足于

人力资本理论和高等教育供求理论，以中国民办高等教育相对发达管理相对规范

的上海为例，探讨民办高校专业设置问题。值得一提的是，上海市民办高校虽然

分专科和本科两个层次，但培养规格都是以应用型、技术型、工程类专业为主，因

此专业设置相通点比较多，本文大多地方不做分类讨论。

本研究分为六个部分。第一部分对选题背景、选题意义、研究方法、研究的理论

基础、对国内外学界的现有研究成果及研究创新点进行综述；第二章在厘清民办

高校专业设置相关概念的基础上，阐述了民办高校专业设置的原则，以此作为民

办高校专业设置的依据，接着分析了上海市民办高校专业设置面临的机遇和目前

上海市民办高校专业设置的特点。第三章立足于已有数据发现上海市民办高校毕

业生就业的优势和劣势，并指出就业劣势的症结所在。第四章作为文章的重点，

采用三角互证式的分析方法进行调查取证，对照民办高校专业设置的原则，总结

出就业视角下上海市民办高校专业设置具体存在的问题。第五章另辟蹊径选取了

美国社区学院的职业教育作为类比对象，并且从运作体制、课程开发与教学、教师

的配备与聘用、就业保障机制等方面系统深入地探究了美国社区学院职业教育专

业设置与调控机制，发现很多可借鉴之处。第六章是本文的重点，针对定量和定

性分析的结果，借鉴美国社区学院职业教育的成功之处，提出了改进上海市民办

高校专业设置的对策。

通过以上分析，笔者希望本论文在研究法方法、研究视角和研究内容等方面

能有所突破：

1．通过三角互证式的研究方法，即问卷调查、典型性分析、访谈三种方法定

量和定性地分析就业视角下上海市民办高校专业设置的问题及成因。

2．不再人云亦云地阐释专业设置与市场导向之间的相关性，而是试图探究

专业设置在适应市场需求过程中如何改变被动局面，变“被动”适应为主动适应

即专业设置上既要适应当前人才市场需求，又要结合经济发展的未来趋势，前瞻

性地设置专业，形成“我现在培养的人才，就是你未来需要的人才”的良性循环。

3．希望通过此研究，落实民办高校专业自主权，改进目前政府的专业设置

审批指导机制，采取“三扶”的审批原则，即“扶需”、“扶优”、“扶特”。

4．厘清民办高校通识教育、专业教育和能力教育的关系，增强民办高校学生

综合能力的培养，设计类似的DACUM 课程开发方法和全过程、全员参与、全方位的

课程评价体系。

5．为了改善目前上海民办高校专业重复设置的情况，提倡民办高校“宽窄

并存式”、“长短结合式”地设置专业，并根据自身办学条件打造特色优势专业。

6．在民办高校实践教学课时比例基本达标的现实下，从上海市民办高校目

前四种主要的实践实训教学组织方式角度探讨实践教学培养过程中的问题，进而

有针对性地提出改进措施提高学生的实习实践质量。

7．正确对待个人需求，打造民办高校量身的“入”服务和“出”服务体系，

减少专业供需的结构错位。

关键词：民办高校专业设置就业

ABSTRACT

China's private universities have rised again since the 80's, up to now, they have

become an important part of higher education in china. For private universities, the

enrollment and employment issues are related to the survival and the development of

private universities directly, and major settings affect the school enrollment and

employment largely. In other words, the scientific set-up of speciality in private colleges

not only can better serve for economy and society, but also for the colleges’ survival and

development. As a new force in higher education, the private universities' major settings

have not truly market-oriented, because private higher education is still in development

stage, so starting from the perspective of employment, based on the human capital

theory and higher education supply and demand theory, taking developed and

standardized private higher education place in China Shanghai as an example, this

article discusses the private universities' major settings. It is worth mentioning that,

although Shanghai private universities are divided into undergraduate level and

specialist level, but the training specifications focus on the application type, technology

type, engineering type and so on, therefore there are much major settings' same point

between them, this paper does not do classified discussion in most places.

The thesis consists of six chapters. Chapter 1: The research background, the

significance of the topic, research methods, the basic theory, the domestic and foreign

academic existing research results and innovation points are summarized. Chapter 2:

Based on clarifying the related concepts of private higher education's major settings,

this article introduces the principles or rationale for the private universities' major

settings, then analyzes the opportunities which Shanghai private universities are facing

and the major settings peculiarity of Shanghai private universities. Chapter 3: Based on

the existing data, I found the advantages and disadvantages of Shanghai private

universities and then point out the crux of the employment disadvantage. Chapter 4: By

using the triangulation method of investigation and evidence collection, compared to the

private universities setting principles, this article sums up the major settings problems of

Shanghai private universities. Chapter 5: I select the occupation education in American

community colleges as compared objects, there was no parallel in study ago, and

analysis the American Community College occupation education specialty system

systematically and deeply from the operating system, curriculum development and

teaching, teachers and employment, employment security mechanism, to find the

reference place. Chapter 6: According to the results of quantitative and qualitative

analysis, using the successful experience of occupation education in American

Community College, I put forward to some countermeasures to improve the major

settings of Shanghai private universities.

Through this study, I hope to make a breakthrough in the following aspects:

1. The thesis use the method of Triangle type innovatively, namely, analysis the

major settings problems and reasons of Shanghai private universities through the

questionnaire survey, typical analysis and interview.

2. I do not elaborate a correlation between professional and market-oriented on

longer, but hope to make a thorough inquiry on the passive situation of major settings

which is market-oriented, and change "passive" into "active and passive combination"

situation, namely, not only the major settings need to meet the market demand, but also

need to combine with the new characteristics of economic development prospectively,

so that we can form a cycle that the talent we fostered is what you need.

3. Hoping through this study, implement the autonomy of private higher education'

major setting, improve the major setting approval guidance mechanism of current

government, take " three support" approval in principle, namely "support need",

"support excellence ", "support character".

4. Clarify the relation of general education, professional education and ability

education in private higher education, strengthen the cultivation of comprehensive

ability in private universities, design similar DACUM curriculum development method

and the whole process, full participation, and all-wave curriculum evaluation system.

5. In order to improve the repeated major setting in Shanghai private universities,
promote  private  higher  education  to set major  in  “wide and narrow"  and  “long and
short” mode, and build characteristic advantage majors according to its own conditions.
6.Now private  higher  education'  practice  teaching proportion  reach the standard
almostly, discuss the problems in the process of practice teaching from the angle of four
main practical teaching organization mode in Shanghai private colleges at present, and
then put forward to some countermeasures to improve the practice teaching quality. 
7.Improve the guidance  service  when new students start school and employment
selection service when students leave school so as to treat personal needs correctly. 
Key word: Private Higher Education, Major Setting, Employment
目  录
中文摘要
ABSTRACT
第一章　绪论...................................................................................................................1
1.1 研究背景和研究意义.........................................................................................1
1.1.1 选题背景..................................................................................................1
1.1.2 选题意义..................................................................................................1
1.2 国内外研究现状综述.........................................................................................2
1.2.1 国外研究情况..........................................................................................2
1.2.2 国内研究情况..........................................................................................3
1.3 研究方法及结构框架.........................................................................................4
1.3.1 研究方法..................................................................................................4
1.3.2 结构框架..................................................................................................5
1.4 研究的创新点.....................................................................................................6
1.5 理论基础.............................................................................................................7
1.5.1 高等教育供求理论..................................................................................7
1.5.2 人力资本理论..........................................................................................8
第二章 上海市民办高校专业设置的现状及特色.........................................................9
2.1 民办高校概述.....................................................................................................9
2.2 民办高校专业设置的原则...............................................................................10
2.3 上海市民办高校专业设置面临的新的机遇...................................................12
2.4 上海市民办高校专业设置的特色...................................................................13
2.4.1 发展迅速，已具规模，综合性应用性较强........................................13
2.4.2 专业设置更加细化，专业方向更加明确............................................14
2.4.3 各高校特色专业和新专业不断涌现....................................................15
第三章 上海市民办高校毕业生的就业现状...............................................................17

1 上海市民办高校毕业生就业的总体形势.......................................................17
2 上海市民办高校毕业生的就业质量...............................................................18
3 上海市民办高校就业的优势与劣势...............................................................21
第四章 就业视角下上海市民办高校专业设置的调查及分析存在的问题...............23
1 调研方法...........................................................................................................23
2 调查结果的统计与分析...................................................................................24
2.1 专业自主权受到约束，专业设置缺乏深入的市场调查和预警系统24
2.2 忽视了综合能力的培养........................................................................25
2.3“热门”专业重复设立，且学科跨度大.............................................29
2.4 专业调整极端化，简单意义上的市场导向误导专业设置................32
2.5 实践培养机制不完善............................................................................33
2.6 社会需求与个人需求不对称导致专业供需的结构错位....................36
第五章 美国社区学院职业教育专业设置模式...........................................................39
1 美国社区学院职业教育概述...........................................................................39
2 美国社区学院职业教育专业设置体系...........................................................40
2.1 专业设置的运作体制............................................................................40
2.2 专业课程的开发与教学.......................................................................41
2.3 专业教师的配备与聘用........................................................................44
2.4 就业保障机制........................................................................................45
3 就业视角下美国社区学院专业设置的优越性...............................................45
3.1 课程设置“菜单式”，市场应变能力强............................................46
3.2 培养人才学费低、周期短、见效快....................................................46
3.3 专业学习注重能力培养，重视基础理论教学....................................47
第六章 优化上海市民办高校专业设置的对策研究...................................................48
1 落实民办高校专业自主权，并行改善政府审批指导机制，借鉴企业人才
需求预测模型适度超前设置专业..........................................................................48
2 厘清通识教育、专业教育和能力教育的关系，完善课程开发方法和评价体
系..............................................................................................................................49
3 专业设置长短结合，兼顾办学条件打造特色优势专业...............................50
4 遵循教育规律、市场规律和人才成长规律，“宽窄并存式”设置专业...51
5 多方面改进实践培养环节，提高实习实践质量...........................................52
6 结合学生个人需求和自身能力，增强量身的“入”服务和“出”服务...54
小结和讨论.....................................................................................................................56
附录 1 用人单位调查问卷............................................................................................57
附录 2 访谈提纲............................................................................................................58
参考文献.........................................................................................................................59
在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果.............................................61
致谢.................................................................................................................................62

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摘要：

就业视角下上海市民办高校专业设置问题研究摘要我国民办高校自80年代重新崛起以来，发展至今，已成为我国高等教育重要组成部分。对民办高校来说，招生和就业直接关系着民办高校的生存与发展，而专业设置是社会需求与实际教学工作紧密结合的纽带，是学校教学工作主动、灵活地适应社会需求的关键环节，因此对就业视角下专业设置的规律和运行方式进行研究，对民办高校的成功办学有着极其重要的意义。换言之，科学合理的专业设置既是民办高校为经济、社会有效服务的关键，也是民办高校自身生存和发展的基础，在很大程度上影响着学校的招生和就业。我国民办高校目前还处于发展阶段，专业设置未能真正地以市场为导向，因此本文从就业的角度出发，立足...

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